Chapter 39
dullard, an ignoramus, a stupid person.
(Or explained in another way:)
(1)
ŒsÈva-macchariya
leads to rebirth in
niraya
where the stingy one is baked on hot iron
sheets. (This is because he had prevented others from enjoying the peace and comfort
of living quarters).
(2)
Kula-macchariya
results in dearth of good fortune in future existences. (This is the
result of denying others their right or receiving offerings at the homes of the lay
supporters.)
(3)
Lobha-macchariya
leads to rebirth in
niraya
where the stingy one wallows in human
excreta. (This
niraya
is particularly nauseating. This kind of result follows the stingy
one because he had deprived others of the pleasure of the enjoyment concerning the
bhikkhu
requisites.)
(4)
VaÓÓa-macchariya
results in a complete lack of presentable appearance and good
attributes in future existences. A detestable appearance and an abominable reputation is
what he inherits for his past meanness. Whatever good he might do, goes unnoticed by
anyone like arrows shot away in the dark night
(5)
Dhamma-macchariya
sends the
bhikkhu
down to the
niraya
of hot ashes.
Envy arises from consideration of other people's property. Stinginess arises from
consideration of one's own property. Since the object of thought differs, envy and
stinginess cannot arise together.
In the world, enmity, punishment and antagonism between persons arise due to envy and
stinginess which are two evil fetters. These fetters are eliminated only by
sotÈpatti-magga
.
Unless envy and stinginess have been eliminated by Stream-Entry Knowledge, people's
wishes for freedom from enmity, etc. will never be fulfilled; they will live miserably
surrounded by enmity, etc. This is the explanation to the Buddha's answer to the first
question. Why is it that all beings live in enmity and danger amidst enemies, sorrow and
anger although they have an earnest desire to be free from them.
On hearing the Buddha's answer Sakka was delighted and said:
‚Venerable Sir, that indeed is so. O well-spoken One, that indeed is so. Having
learnt the Bhagava's answer, all my doubts are cleared, all uncertainties have left
me.‛
(2) The Second Question and Answer
On Love and Hatred as The Causes of Covetousness and Stinginess
After receiving with delight the Buddha's answer, Sakka put his next question thus:
‚Venerable Sir, what is the cause of envy and stinginess? What is their
origin? What is their genesis? What is their source? When what factor is
present, do envy and stinginess arise? When what factor is not present, do
envy and stinginess do not arise?‛
To this question the Buddha replied as follows:
‚Sakka, King of Devas, envy and stinginess have objects (i.e. living beings,
conditioned formations) that one likes (relishes) and objects that one dislikes
as their cause, as their origin, as their genesis, as their source. When objects
that one likes and objects that one dislikes are present, envy and stinginess
arise. When objects of like and dislike are not present, envy and stinginess do
not arise."
(Herein, something (living being, conditioned formation) that one wants to possess
is an object of one's liking, irrespective of its intrinsic nature of disagreeableness.
This is because defilements delude the mind into liking something that is of a
disagreeable nature. Something (animate thing or conditioned formation) belonging