THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
952
dhamma, attainment of the Noble Path culminating in
magga-phala nibbÈna
. The
latter is the property of
ariyas
who are never stingy or mean about their Insight-
Knowledge. In fact they are desirous of sharing it with all beings, devas, humans and
BrahmÈs. They wish all beings to acquire the paÔivedha-dhamma they have gained
for themselves. Therefore the expression Dhamma-macchariya can mean only
stinginess or meanness about learning, pariyatta dhamma. Here the meanness lies in
not wanting other people know what one has acquired by learning the difficult and
obscure passages in the PÈli Text and in the commentaries. One wishes to remain the
sole authority in the matter of learning. Exceptions: The unwillingness to share the
book knowledge may be justified on two counts:-
(i) where the learner's integrity is doubtful while the purity of the Dhamma
(Doctrine) needs to be safeguarded;
(ii) where the value of the Dhamma is carefully considered and the type of person
needs to be saved in his own interest.
These two exceptions need to be understood properly.
(i) In the first case, there are some persons in the world who are fickle minded and
change from one faith to another, from
samaÓa
to
brÈhmana
to a heretical
ascetic. If such an unreliable
bhikkhu
were to be taught the
PiÔaka
, he might
distort the subtle teachings of the
PiÔaka
to suit his own purpose. He might
misinterpret the meanings of scriptural terms such as meritoriousness and
demeritoriousness. He might put the Buddha's Teachings into the mouth of some
heretic and claim them that they were what the heretic teacher said. There would
be confusion. Therefore keeping the
PiÔaka
from those unreliable
bhikkhus
so as
to preserve the purity of the Dhamma is justified.
(ii) In the second case, where the learner
bhikkhu
is of the type of person who is
likely to claim arahatship even though not yet an
arahat
, that would be his
ruination. Keeping the
PiÔaka
from such an unreliable
bhikkhu
is also justifiable.
It is in his own interest that the profound Dhamma is not imparted to him, so
that the non-sharing of the learning in such cases is not stinginess or meanness.
Stinginess exists in the case of a teacher where he is afraid that his pupil might outshine
him, or excel him in the interpretation of the Dhamma and so withholds the learning.
Evil Consequences of The Five Kinds of Stinginess
(1) One who acts with stinginess in dwelling (
ÈvÈsa-macchariya
), is reborn as a demon or
hungry spirit, and due to the meanness about his living quarters, he is destined to carry
the filth of that dwelling place on his head wherever he goes.
(2) One who is stingy about relatives and followership (
kula-macchariya)
, feels painful to
see his relatives and lay supporters making offerings to other
bhikkhus
. The greater the
degree of stinginess, the greater the pain. In extreme cases, thinking his relatives and
lay supporters have turned away from him, the stingy
bhikkhu
suffers heart-burning to
such an extent that he may vomit blood, or his entrails would go to pieces and come
out.
(3) Stinginess about
bhikkhu
requisites (
lobha-macchariya
), whether in respect of those of
the Sangha or of a sect of the
Sangha
, not sharing them with fellow-
bhikkhus
, leads to
rebirth as a demon or a hungry spirit or a python.
(4) Stinginess about personal appearance or attributes (
vaÓÓa-macchariya
), that makes one
self-admiring and deprecating of others, leads to ugliness in appearance in future
existences.
(5) (Penetration of the Dhamma (
paÔivedha-dhamma
), i.e. attainment of
magga-phala
nibbÈna
, arises only in the mind of the
ariya
who has destroyed all the defilements so
that stinginess no longer arises in him, he is never selfish about what he has
understood from the practice of the Dhamma.) Stinginess about the Dhamma is
possible only in respect of learning. Stinginess regarding one's learning (
pariyatti-
dhamma macchariya
), keeping one's knowledge to oneself, leads to rebirth as a