Chapter 34
coincides with the arising of the following or, as soon as the preceding
element ceases the following arises. This is said by Tika writers to be
‚
purima-pacchimÈnaÑ nirantaratÈ ——
the absence of gap between one element
and the next.‛ By arising thus without any gap, it seems that the arising
elements are more powerful and overwhelming and the ceasing elements less
manifest; so people then have a wrong impression that ‚what we see now is
what we saw previously.‛ This is proved by the fact that when a burning stick
is turned round and round, it is thought to be a ring of fire. (This indeed is the
mass of continuity.)
(2) The arising of mental elements, such as
phassa
(contact), etc., and of physical
elements, such as
pathavÊ
(earth element), etc., by uniting, combining and cohering
with one another so that they all give the impression of their being one in reality is
sam|ha-ghÈna
.
When mental and physical elements arise, they do so not as one natural quality
(
sabhÈvasatti
). On the mental side, there are at least eight elements (such as
cakkhu-viÒÒÈÓa
(eye-consciousness), and seven
sabba-citta-sÈdhÈraÓa-cetasika
,
mental concomitants, dealing with all consciousness); on the physical side too,
there are at least eight elements (by which eight material units are referred to).
Thus, at least eight natural qualities, whether mental or physical, give the
impression that they are but one, by uniting, combining and cohering with one
another; such is meant by
sam|ha-ghÈna
. (This indeed is the mass of
coherence.)
(3) Elements belonging to a mental or physical unit arise, performing their respective
functions. When they arise, it is difficult (for those who have no knowledge of
Abhidhamma) to understand ‚this is the function of
phassa
(contact), this is the
function of
vedanÈ
(sensation), this is the function of
saÒÒÈ
(perception)‛ and so on.
Likewise, it is difficult (for them) to understand ‚this is the function of
pathavÊ
(earth
element), this is the function of
Èpo
(water element), this is the function of
vÈyo
(wind
element), this is the function of
tejo
(fire element)‛ and so on. Thus the functions of
the elements, being difficult to grasp, make their appearance as a whole by uniting,
combining and cohering with one another; such is called
kicca-ghÈna
. (This indeed is
the mass of functions.)
(4) Elements belonging to each mental unit collectively pay attention to elements
belonging to each physical unit form a single object for one's attention by uniting,
combining and cohering with one another, leading one to the impression that they are
just one (natural quality), in reality is
ÈrammaÓa-ghÈna
. (This indeed is the mass of
sense object.)
In short, several physical and mental elements arise as a result (
paccay’
uppaÒÒÈ
) of a cause (
paccaya
); but it is hard to discern their differences in
terms of time, nature, function and attention and thus they create the false
impression that they are but one unit; they are called respectively
santati-ghÈna,
samuha-ghÈna, kicca-ghÈna
, and
ÈrammaÓa-ghÈna
. (This account of the four
masses are reproduced from the Dhammasa~ganÊ M|la Tika and Anu ®ikÊ.)
In dealing with ultimate reality, the quality of an element is to be discerned. For
instance, with regard to a chilli seed, the mind is to be focussed only on its taste.
Only when the natural quality of an element is discerned with the eye of
wisdom can the ultimate reality be penetrated. Only when the ultimate reality is
penetrated, is the mass (
ghÈna
) dissolved. Only when the mass is dissolved, is
the knowledge of
anatta
(non-soul) is gained. If the natural quality is not
discerned with the eye of wisdom, the ultimate reality cannot be penetrated. If
the ultimate reality is not penetrated, the mass is not dissolved. If the mass is not
dissolved, the knowledge of
anatta
is not gained. That is why the wise say: ‚The
ghÈna
covers up the characteristic of
anatta
.‛
By the fourth foot of the first verse the Buddha reveals the characteristic of