THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
310
foremost; and from delusion (
moha
) springs that craving in sentient beings who
long for happiness by perceiving the six sense objects (
ÈrammaÓas
), such as visible
object, (
rupÈrammaÓa
), etc., as being permanent (
nicca-saÒÒa
), delightful (
sukha-
saÒÒa
), pleasant (
subha-saÒÒa
) or durable (
atta-saÒÒa
). And craving can be
abandoned only if the defects of the six sense objects, the origin of craving, are
made manifest.
Again, the defects of the six sense objects mean the state of impermanence, etc.,
inherent in them; the state of impermanence, etc., in turn, is discernable only when
(the nature of) old age and death is seen; only when old age and death is seen, the
defects of the six sense objects, such as the state of impermanence, etc., can be
seen; and only when these defects of the six sense objects are seen can craving and
greed, which cling to the six sense objects, be discarded. Only when craving and
greed can be discarded will the
saÑsÈric
suffering, such as birth, etc., ceases. This
being the case, discernment of old age and death forms the basic and most
essential factor in the cessation of the
saÑsÈric
suffering. And so, the Bodhisatta
came to this human world and took conception in the lotus-like womb of Queen
MÈyÈ in order to show all sentient beings the nature of old age and death which
forms the basic and essential factor in the cessation of suffering in
saÑsÈra
.
To make it more explicit: If the Bodhisatta, having been born a deva or a BrahmÈ,
were to teach (the nature of old age and death) and perform miracles, others would
not believe him, thinking: ‚This deva or BrahmÈ
,
although being himself someone
who enjoys happiness, who is permanent and durable, comes and teaches us the
doctrine of impermanence, suffering and non-self, what kind of teaching is his?‛.
They would not listen to him respectfully either. They would merely opine: ‚Can
there be anything which a deva or a BrahmÈ cannot teach? There is nothing he
cannot teach. And can there be any miracles which he cannot perform? Indeed he
can perform all miracles. So his teaching of a doctrine or the performance of a
miracle is nothing wonderful.‛
As witnessed by many, the Bodhisatta was born of Queen MÈyÈ; when he came of
age, he enjoyed sensual pleasures; when a son was born to him, he forsook the
son, renounced the world and became a recluse; after he had practised
dukkaracariya
, he eventually achieved the Knowledge of the Path and
Omniscience (became a Buddha). When, therefore, he started teaching the
Dhamma, or making manifest the nature of old age and death, or explaining the
three characteristics (of
anicca
,
dukkha
,
anatta
), all the people would respectfully
listen to his teaching, with the thought: ‚Even this noble person, endowed as he is
with great power and wisdom, and knowing all aspects of Dhamma, cannot
overcome old age, sickness and death, what is there about us?‛
‚Our Buddha, who teaches to do away with sufferings, such as birth, etc., indeed
thoroughly understands, (the real nature of all things)! Indeed, NibbÈna, where there is no
suffering, such as birth, etc., is blissful!‛ With this faith, they followed the Bodhisatta's
teaching, applying intelligence to it and they came to discern this body (
atta-bhava
), which
in reality is the five aggregates of grasping,
upadÈnakkhandha
, as
dukkha
, and origin of
dukkha.
They also discern perfectly the defects of craving and greed which give rise to this
body, which in reality is the five aggregates of grasping. Having discerned thus, sentient
beings will feel frightened, ashamed and disgusted with craving, which is the truth of the
origin of
dukkha
(
samudaya-saccÈ
); and also with the five groups of grasping, which is the
truth of
dukkha
, (
dukkha-saccÈ
); arising through craving, and they will cause the complete
cessation of craving. When they have done so, they will be qualified to attain final NibbÈna
(
anupÈdaparinibbana
), the complete cessation of
dukkha
. Hence the Bodhisatta said: ‚I
came to this human world and took conception in the lotus-like womb of Queen MÈyÈ, in
order to show all sentient beings the suffering of birth, old age and death in the round of
existence.‛
8) Anapulitto lokena