Chapter IX
beings who had fulfilled the Perfections to a great degree.
In this connection, an elaborate explanation given in the commentary on the MahÈ PadÈna
Sutta of the Sutta MahÈ Vagga AtthakathÈ should be noted in brief. The span of life of
beings in the world depends on the observance of righteousness by the ruler. When he
observes righteousness, all his people will do so and likewise, so do devas who cause rain-
fall and do other helpful things. This leads to regularity in climate and production of
nutritious fruits and vegetables, etc., for people, who live long because of good heath.
When the ruler does not observe righteousness, many of his people do not also; nor do
devas who cause sufficient rain-fall and other favourable conditions. Consequently, fruits
and vegetables become deficient in nourishment and the climate becomes irregular. As a
result, people are exposed to ill-health and become short-lived.
In this way, those Buddhas who appeared in a period of long life span enjoy longevity
and those who appeared in a period of short life span do not.
Though all Buddhas have the power to prolong their lives as a result of their past deeds
that have effected their conception, their life spans are different in length. According to the
BuddhavaÑsa
Commentary
which
says:
‚
upacita
puÒÒasambhÈrÈnam
dighayukasamvattanika-kammasam-upetÈnam pi buddhÈnam yuga-vasena ÈyuppamÈnam
asamanam ahosi —
though they are endowed with the merits of their past deeds that can
bring about longevity as a result of their acquisition of wholesome prerequisites, Buddhas
are of unequal length of life in accordance with their
Èyu-kappas
(life spans).‛
To give a worldly example: if the seed of a teak tree that has the ability to last for a
thousand years were sowed in a dry zone where the soil is hard and barren, it cannot live
that long. Similarly, though the (meritorious) deed of the Bodhisattas in their final existence
that has caused their conception and that has the power to prolong their lives, if they attain
Buddhahood in the short period of an
Èyu-kappa,
that is like the dry hard barren land, their
lives have to be short according to their
Èyu-kappas
.
Length of Œyu-kappa when A Buddha appears
Buddhas usually do not appear in a
kappa
when the life span of beings is on the increase.
Because if a Buddha were to appear in such a
kappa
and teach the doctrine of
impermanence and the like, beings would fail to understand the characteristics of
anicca
,
dukkha
and
anatta
of conditioned things as their lives become longer and longer, one
kappa
after another. For this reason, Buddhas do not appear in any of the
kappas
on the increase
but they do so in the decreasing
kappas
.
Even with regard to the decreasing
kappas
, Buddhas appear only in the
kappas
that have
the life span of at most a hundred thousand years. They do not appear in the
kappas
that
have the life span longer than a hundred thousand years because their teaching of the three
characteristics of conditioned things would fall on deaf ears. When the life span decreases,
a hundred years is the minimum of the
kappa
in which they would appear. When the life
span goes down from a hundred years, Buddhas do not appear in those
kappas
of shorter
life span because even though the characteristics of conditioned things manifest themselves
glaringly, as their impurities of greed, hate and delusion grow more at the time, and beings
are unable to accept, follow and practise (the Dhamma) despite the Buddhas' Teaching.
Hence
kappas
of less than a hundred years of life span are devoid of Buddhas.
In this way, Buddhas appeared during the
kappas
ranging from that of the maximum life
span which was a hundred thousand years to that of the minimum life span which was just
a hundred years. Though it is true that they appeared in the decreasing
kappas
between the
two
kappas
i.e. that of the maximum life span and that of the minimum, Buddhas appeared
only in the
kappa
in which the life span agrees with the degree of maturity of the
prerequisites for the Perfections while they were Bodhisattas. Those Bodhisattas, whose
prerequisites reached the maturity, which coincided with the period of a hundred thousand
years of life span, which was appropriate to their Enlightenment, they appeared as Buddha
in that
kappa
of a hundred thousand years of life span. Those Bodhisattas, whose
prerequisites were not mature yet as they are still at the stage of fulfilling the Perfections,