Chapter IX
While, on the one hand, the rarity of birth as a human being is thus taught, there is
teaching, on the other hand, in such books as the ApadÈna, the Vimanavatthu, etc., that
human and divine bliss can be attained for several existences with the gift of a single
flower. This may lead to the impression that ‚human life is not difficult to gain but easy.‛
The ApadÈna and the like are delivered concerning those who are unable to be reborn as
humans for lack of agreeable resources, whereas the BÈlapandita and such discourses are
given concerning the possibility of rebirth in several human existences through the gift of a
flower. The rarity of monkhood is to be viewed in the same manner.
With regard to human existence, though it may be taken (if one does not contemplated
deeply) that it is not hard to become a human because of the fact that the world's
population is growing day after day, but, on the other hand, it may be realized that the
number of beings in the four woeful states is far greater than that of human beings. Even in
the animal world alone, there are countless species. If we take just the population of ants
alone and compare with that of humans, it exceeds the latter beyond comparison. Judging
from the countless number of beings in the four woeful states as well as from the limited
number of humans, it is obvious that rebirth in the human world is indeed very rare.
Similarly, it is difficult to join the Sangha each time there arises a Buddha Dispensation in
the world. Those, who have potential qualities to become
bhikkhus
in the Dispensation of a
Buddha, become not only
bhikkhus
but
arahats
as well
.
Therefore, the number of such
persons is considerable. But this should not lead one to believe that it is easy to attain
monkhood just because they happen to be congregated in the presence of each Buddha
under favourable circumstances.
In other words, he, who is endowed with two factors is likely to become a monk: (1)
‚birth in a Buddha's Dispensation which is hard to come by ——
Buddh'uppÈda dullabha
,‛
and (2) ‚life of a human being which is hard to occur ——
manussatta dullabha
.‛ There is
absolutely no possibility of becoming a monk in the absence of a Buddha's Dispensation
though one may be a human. There is absolutely no such possibility if one is a deva, Sakka,
BrahmÈ or a being of a woeful abode even though there is Dispensation of a Buddha. Of
these two events, birth in a Buddha's Dispensation called
Buddh'uppÈda navama
16
is harder
to happen. Only when there appears a Buddha, can there be His Dispensation. And to
appear as a Buddha, it takes one at least four
asa~khyeyya
and a hundred thousand aeons,
even after receipt of the prophecy predicting one's definite Buddhahood, and for so long a
period, one is to fulfil the Perfections assiduously with the aforesaid four modes of
development. When there appears a Buddha at long last, and His Dispensation shines forth,
but if one is not born a human being or even when thus born, if one encounters other
hindrances, one cannot become a
bhikkhu
. Taking this seriously into consideration, it may
be said that monkhood is rarer than witnessing a Buddha s Dispensation in the world.
Those who, as a result of their meritorious deeds, have the two factors of witnessing the
Dispensation and of being a man, which are both difficult to obtain, should not find
formidable hardships in their way to monkhood which is brought about by the two factors.
Though it seems that accessibility to monkhood is simple because crores of
arahats,
in the
lifetime of Buddha DÊpa~karÈ, had possessed the two factors namely, a Buddha's
Dispensation and a human existence. It is really difficult to have these immediate causes
for monkhood, hence the saying: ‚Rare indeed is monkhood.‛
The Bodhisatta, Sumedha the hermit, before meeting Buddha DÊpa~karÈ and while in his
youth, had engaged in generosity by giving away all his possessions; in renunciation, by
going forth from household life to homeless state; in morality, by observing the precepts as
an ascetic and in
samatha
meditation, by putting efforts to attain
jhÈna
and
abhiÒÒana.
Having done so, he received the definite prophecy from Buddha DÊpa~karÈ and that was
followed by his contemplating the Ten Perfections and, exertion and fulfilment of the
Perfections, beginning with
DÈna
through the aforesaid four modes of development that
lasted four
asa~khyeyyas
and a hundred thousand
kappas
up to his existence as Prince
16. Buddh'uppada navama, read Chapter VI, REFLECTIONS ON PERFECTIONS.