THE ANUD¢PAN¢
Many ways of writing these terms have been met with. They are useful only for
recording and calculating years. Any incorrect spelling in no way affect
supramundane matters; any correct spelling would not help gain release from
saÑsÈra
as it is no sense object in acquiring insight and right view. For these
reasons, it is rational to hold that each form of orthography has its own merit.
Such a decisive statement is very satisfactory.
In short, SakkarÈj is so called because, as a system of chronological notation to be
reckoned from a certain date, it is founded by kings who are able to protect the people;
SakarÈj is so called because such a founding was accomplished by a
Saka
king.
Koza
or
Goza
signifies a period of time marked by the movements of the sun and the moon.
(
SakkarÈj
comes from
Sakkaraj
, ‘
sakka
’ meaning ‘able’ and ‘
rÈjÈ
’, ‘king’; hence
SakkarÈj
,
an era founded by a king who is able to give protection to his subjects.
SakarÈj
derives
from
SakarÈjÈ
, ‘
Saka
’ being the name of a people and ‘
rÈjÈ
’, ‘king’; hence
SakarÈjÈ
an era
introduced by a
Saka
king. As for
Koza
and
Goza
, ‘
ko
’ is a term for the sun and ‘
go
’ a
word for both the sun and the moon; ‘
za
’ is used in the sense of ‘going about’. The time
spent in making a complete round of the Zodiac by the sun and the moon is called a year of
Koza
or
Goza
. It is also written as
Gocar
.)
The Terms Kali-yug and SakkarÈj
In the expression saying ‚such and such year
Kali-yug SakkarÈj
‛ by putting
Kali-yug
as an
adjective before
SakkarÈj
,
Kali-yug
and
SakkarÈj
are different in meaning. The expression
means ‚the year of a certain era, in the length of time began with
Kali-yug
.‛ This will be
explained briefly:
Of the pair of evolution and devolution aeons called
Antara-kappa
, an evolution aeon
consists of four ages:
Kata-yuga, Treta-yuga, DvÈpara-yuga
and
Kali-yuga
. There are
waxing and waning periods of these four
yugas
. When these periods complete sixty times,
an evolution aeon comes to an end. The same is true of a devolving aeon, say mundane
treatises. Of the four
yugas,
the first one,
Kata-yuga
, has 1,728,000 years. Then comes
Treta-yuga
which has 1,296,000 years. It is followed by
DvÈpara-yuga
of 864,000 years.
Finally follows
Kali-yuga
of 432,000 years. (Note that, if the years of the
Kali-yuga
are
double, the result is the years of the
DvÈpara-yuga
; if tripled, the years of the
Treta-yuga
;
if quadrupled, the years of the
Kata-yuga
.) The total number of these four yugas is
4,320,000.
During the
Kata-yuga
years, all four quarters of beings (the whole lot of people) observe
righteousness as though living things stand on four legs. During the
Treta-yuga
, three
quarters of them observe righteousness as though they stand on three legs, one quarter does
not. During the
DvÈpara-yuga
(one half or) two quarters do so and (the other half or) the
other two quarters do not. During the
Kali-yuga
only one quarter does so and three quarters
do not.
Our Teacher, Gotama the Buddha, rose in the 2,570th years of
Kali-. yuga
, states Gotama
PurÈÓa. In the first KaÓÉa (Chapter) it says:
KalerÈrabbhato suÒÒa satta paÒcaduke gate
saÑvacchare babhuva ve Dhammavido Gotamabhidho.
Two thousand five hundred and seventy years after the commencement of
Kali-yuga
, there appeared Gotama who comprehended the Dhamma.
If one desires to know the present
sÈsana
year and the present
Kali-yuga
, take the present
year (Myanmar Era) and add 1,182 years; the answer is the year of the past
SÈsana
Era.
To get the
Kali-yuga
year take the present
sÈsana
year and add 2,570; the total is the
present
Kali-yuga
year.
In short, when one writes ‚in the year so and so
Kali-yuga SakkarÈj
‛, one's idea is the
year so and so of
SakkarÈj
in the age of
Kali-yuga
. The
Kali-yuga
lasts 432,000 years as
has been said before.
SakkarÈj
is the calculation of years as determined by royal