THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1664
There are three types of persons:
verÊ-puggala, majjhatta-puggala
and
piya-puggala
, a
foe, neither a foe nor a friend and a friend respectively. It is difficult to develop
mettÈ
directed towards a
verÊ-puggala
(foe), not so difficult towards a
majjhatta-puggala
(neither
a foe nor a friend); on the contrary, it is easy to direct
mettÈ
towards a
piya-puggala
(friend).
MettÈ
that has as its object neither
a verÊ
nor a
majjhatta
but only a
piya-puggala
is
mettÈ
of no value, no matter how often it is developed, because it is just a performance
of an easy task.
If one desires to fulfil
mettÈ pÈramÊ
properly, one should develop
mettÈ
directed towards
oneself first. Since such a development is in one's own interest,
mettÈ
arises easily and fully
without fail. This
mettÈ
which is complete as it is developed for one's own self should
serve as an example. Hence
mettÈ
should be directed towards oneself first.
When
mettÈ
is directed towards a
verÊ
, a
majjhatta
and a
piya
, one should do so all alike
without any discrimination, in the same manner one has done towards oneself. Could it be
easily done? No, it could not be. Indeed it is difficult to develop
mettÈ
even towards a
friend the way one does towards oneself, let alone towards a foe or a neutral person, as has
been instructed by the Buddha,
attasamaÑ pemaÑ n'atthi
, there is no person like oneself
that one loves. Only when
mettÈ,
which is so difficult to develop towards a friend, can be
developed not only towards a friend but also towards the other two persons on a par with
oneself and without the slightest difference, can it become genuine
mettÈ
of
pÈramÊ
stature.
This suggests how difficult it is to develop genuine
mettÈ
and how great its value is. On
account of the development of this form of
mettÈ
, as has been stated above, Suvanna SÈma
was loved by wild beasts like tigers, lions, etc. It is even more difficult to develop
upekkhÈ
as a fulfilment of Perfection than to develop
mettÈ
for the same purpose.
It is not easy to develop
upekkhÈ
even towards a neutral person of the three types. People
would say: ‚I remain equanimous with regard to him now" or "In this matter I adopt the
attitude of
kammassakÈ
," and so on. As such a saying signifies unconcern and disinterest,
upekkhÈ
appears to be of little importance. In reality
upekkhÈ
presupposes paying attention
to and taking interest in the object of contemplation (but as a neutral observer).
As it is easy to develop
mettÈ
towards a friend, so it is easy to develop
upekkhÈ
towards a
neutral person. Because one does not love or hate him, it is easy to keep one's attitude
towards him balanced without any desire to see him happy or to see him suffer. But it is
more difficult to develop
upekkhÈ
, towards a foe. Because, if one hates him, one rejoices
easily when he declines and one envies him when he prospers. It is hard to prevent both
mental states from arising; when either of them sets in, even in the slightest manner one
fails to maintain
upekkhÈ
.
It is still more difficult to develop
upekkhÈ
towards a friend than towards a foe. Because
one is already attached to a friend one is delighted when he prospers or distressed when
misfortune befalls him. It is difficult to prevent both delight and distress from arising in
oneself.
Only when one maintains equanimity with the same attitude towards all three types of
persons as towards oneself without any of the above-mentioned difficulties can
development of
upekkhÈ
be possible. As long as there is partiality in one's attitude towards
these three types of persons
upekkhÈ
is far from successful.
As has been said, development of
upekkhÈ
is not an attitude of unconcern or neglect; on
the contrary, it does pay attention to and takes interest (in the object of contemplation). In
doing so, one says to oneself: ‚Nothing can be done to make beings including myself
happy or unhappy. Those who are possessed of good
kamma
will be happy and those who
are possessed of bad
kamma
will be unhappy. Since their happiness and unhappiness are
related to their past deeds, nothing could be done about them.‛ Only profound reflection in
this vivid manner, with living beings as objects of contemplation, constitutes genuine
upekkhÈ
. Since it involves neither anxiety nor uneasiness, it is noble, serene and calm. The
more it goes beyond
mettÈ
, the higher its spiritual standard is.
Like
mettÈ
,
upekkhÈ
is one of the forty subjects of
samatha
meditation and one of the Ten
Perfections. One who desires to meditate on
upekkhÈ
according to
samatha
method does so