THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1646
taste of truth is the sweetest.‛ Therefore, one should exert great efforts in order to enjoy
the delicious taste of truth.
(h) The Perfection of Resolution (AdhiÔÔhÈna-PÈramÊ)
The PÈli word ‘adhiÔÔhÈna’ is usually translated as ‘resolution’. (Then the author goes on
to explain the Myanmar word, which is a translation, not only of
adhiÔÔhÈna
but also of
samÈdÈna
used in observing precepts. As the author's explanation, though elaborate, is
chiefly concerned with the Myanmar word, we left it out from our translation.) If one
fulfils
adhiÔÔhÈna
as a Perfection, one has to establish it firmly and steadfastly in one's
mind. That was why when the Bodhisatta Sumedha reflected on
adhiÔÔhÈna-pÈramÊ
, he
likened it to a rocky mountain which is unshaken by strong winds but remaining firmly
rooted at its own place.
From this comparison, it is clear that
adhitthana
means bearing in mind without wavering
at all, as regards what one is determined to do. Therefore, if one intends to attain the
knowledge of the Path and Fruition or Omniscience (i.e. if one is determined to become a
Buddha) one's determination to practise for achieving them must be borne in mind as
firmly as a rocky mountain.
Various Resolutions
Resolution has thus been likened to an unshaken mountain and there are various kinds of
resolution as described in the texts.
Resolution concerning Uposatha
The Uposathakkhandhaka of the Vinaya MahÈvagga mentions three kinds of Uposatha:
Sangha Uposatha, GaÓa Uposatha and Puggala Uposatha. Sangha Uposatha is the one that
is observed at the meeting of minimum four
bhikkhus
in a
sima
on full-moon and new-
moon days. There, the
pÈtimokkha
is recited by one
bhikkhu
to whom others listen
respectfully. Such an observance is also called ‘Sutt'uddesa Uposatha’ (Uposatha
observance with a brief recitation of the Text of the disciplinary rules).
If there are only two or three bhikkhus, they observe GaÓa Uposatha because the word
Sangha is used for a meeting of at least four
bhikkhus
; when there are only two or three
bhikkhus
, the word ‚
GaÓa
‛ is used. If the number of bhikkhus is three in a GaÓa Uposatha,
a motion is put first and if it is two, no motion is needed. Then each of the
bhikkhus
declares in PÈli that he is free from any offences. Therefore, it is also known as Parisuddhi
Uposatha (
Uposatha
meeting where
bhikkhus
declare their individual purity).
If there is only one
bhikkhu
, he observes Puggala Uposatha. But before doing so, he
should wait for other
bhikkhus
to join him, provided there is still time. When the time has
passed without other
bhikkhus
arriving, he is to observe the
uposatha
alone. The Buddha
had enjoined that he is to resolve: ‚Today is my
uposatha
day.‛ This means that he is
mindful of this day constantly. Such an
uposatha
is known as AdhiÔÔhÈna Uposatha
(Uposatha kept firmly in one's mind.) This is the resolution concerning
uposatha
.
Resolution concerning The Robe
Bhikkhus
are required to perform
adhiÔÔhÈna
or
vikappana
concerning the robe within ten
days after its acquisition. If the robe is kept more than ten days without performing either,
it is to be discarded according to the Vinaya. The
bhikkhu
concerned also commits thereby
a
PÈcittiya
offence: Therefore, within ten days of its acquisition, he must resolve saying: ‚I
undertake to put on this robe.‛ Then the robe is not to be discarded and he does not commit
the offence. Resolution concerning the robe means making up one's mind firmly to use the
robe either as a lower garment, or an upper garment or an outer garment or for general use.
(PaÔhama SikkhÈpada, Nissaggiya civara Vagga
,
Vinaya PÈrajika.)
Resolution concerning The Bowl
Similarly, when a
bhikkhu
acquires a bowl, he should resolve within ten days of its
acquisition, saying: ‚I undertake to use this bowl.‛ If he does not do so in ten days, he has
to discard it as required by the Vinaya. He also commits a
PÈcittiya
offence. Resolution