THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
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(3) The third attribute is that NibbÈna is devoid of craving which is
taÓhÈ
. As has been
said before, NibbÈna has nothing to crave for. NibbÈna is not to be craved.
Therefore, it is also called AppaÓihita NibbÈna. In this way there are three kinds of
NibbÈna according to its attributes.
This Truth of Cessation of Suffering is in short called the Truth of Cessation. This Truth
of Cessation is the Unconditioned (
Asa~khata
) Element. (It is not conditioned by any
factor.) Therefore, this Truth of Cessation, the Unconditioned Element, the Ultimate
Reality of NibbÈna, is named ‘Appaccaya-Dhamma’ (Uncaused Phenomenon), or
‘Asa~khata-Dhamma’ (Unconditioned Phenomenon), in the Dhammasangani.
The Noble Truth of The Path
Though NibbÈna is causeless, not conditioned by any cause and always exists, it is not
possible to realise its peace without a cause. It can be realised only through a cause. That
cause is nothing but the Noble Practice. Therefore, the Noble Practice that leads to
NibbÈna, the Cessation of Suffering, is termed Dukkha NirodhagÈmini PaÔipadÈ, the
Course of Practice that leads to the Cessation of Suffering.
The Middle Path (Majjhima PatipadÈ)
Living in enjoyment of sensual pleasures in the world fulfilling the demands of craving is
not the path for attainment of NibbÈna, the Cessation of Suffering. It is just an ignoble
practice called
kÈmasukhallikÈnuyoga
. Efforts to make oneself suffer by exposure of one's
body to fire or to the sun, by keeping one's hand raised continuously, with a view to
prevent mental defilements from appearing, do not form the way to NibbÈna, the Cessation
of Suffering. It is another ignoble practice called
attakilamathÈnuyoga
. Avoiding self-
indulgence in sensual pleasures on one hand and self-mortification on the other, following
only the middle path which is neither too comfortable nor too arduous, like the string of a
harp which is neither too taut nor too loose, is the practice that surely leads to NibbÈna.
This practice which is neither easy nor difficult is called ‘Majjhimapatipada’, the Middle
Course.
This very Middle Course is called the Path (
Magga
), the Way leading to NibbÈna. Wrong
view, etc. which are unwholesome, are called
duggati-magga
or
micchÈ-magga
as they lead
to the four woeful states (
apÈya
). Right view, etc. which are mundane and wholesome, are
called
sugati-magga
or
sammÈ-magga
as they lead to
NibbÈna
. The Commentary on
Sacca
Vibhanga
explains that these factors, such as Right View, etc. which constitute Path
Consciousness are called
Magga
because they are sought by those who aspire for NibbÈna;
because these factors lead to NibbÈna; and because they find their way to NibbÈna after
eradicating mental defilements.
This Path is not of one factor only; it is of eight factors, as will be shown below; hence it
is called ‘Atthangika-Magga’, the Path of Eight Constituents, which are:
(1) SammÈ-ditthi: Right View (Knowledge of the Truth of Suffering, Knowledge of the
Truth of the Cause of Suffering, Knowledge of the Truth of the Cessation of
Suffering and Knowledge of the Truth of the Path leading to the Cessation of
Suffering. Thus it is the fourfold Knowledge).
(2) SammÈ-sa~kappa: Right Thought. (Three kinds of thought, namely, thought of
liberating oneself from sensuous defilements (
kilesa-kÈma
) and sensuous objects
(
vatthu-kÈma
) as has been explained in the section on the
Nekkhama
PÈramÊ
,
Perfection of Renunciation; thought of not destroying others; and thought of not
harming others).
(3) SammÈ-vacÈ: Right Speech (Restraint of four evil speeches).
(4) SammÈ-kammanta: Right Action (Restraint of three evil doings).
(5) SammÈ-ÈjÊva: Right Livelihood (Livelihood that is free of seven evils).
(6) SammÈ-vÈyÈma: Right Exertion (Exertion so as not to give rise to unwholesomeness
that has not yet occurred, exertion so as to eradicate unwholesomeness that has
occurred, exertion so as to give rise to wholesomeness that has not yet occurred and