THE ANUD¢PAN¢
the two extremes and the Middle Path, it is taught that ‚The two extremes should not be
taken up by a recluse,‛ in which ‚recluse‛ is a mere designation.
Importance of Conventional Designation
When the Buddha teaches Ultimate Truth, He uses conventional designation wherever
necessary. He does so not just to make a contrast. For ordinary persons, the conventional
truth is as important as the ultimate truth. Had the Buddha taught things only in ultimate
terms, those with proper mental attitude will understand that ‚whatever exists in the world
is impermanent, unsatisfactory and unsubstantial,‛ and they will make efforts to cultivate
VipassanÈ Meditation, which will directly lead them to NibbÈna.
On the other hand, those with improper mental attitude will hold thus: ‚It is said that
there are only aggregates of mind and matter which are subject to impermanence,
unsatisfactoriness and unsubstantiality in this world. There is no self, nor are there other
persons. Then there cannot be such things as ‘my wealth, my son, my wife’; nor can there
be such things as ‘his wealth, his son, his wife’. One can make use of anything as one
desires. Because there is no such thing as ‘he’, there can be no such thing as ‘killing him’,
no such thing as ‘stealing his property’, no such thing as ‘doing wrong with his wife’.‛
Thus will they commit evil according to their wild desires. So upon their death, they will be
reborn in woeful states. To prevent this, the Suttanta DesanÈ Discourses, are delivered
embodying conventional terms. The Suttanta teachings thus form effective, preventive
measures for beings from falling into the four woeful states.
Besides, the Suttanta teachings lead beings to such happy states as human world, celestial
world and BrahmÈ-world, because the virtues, namely, generosity, morality and tranquillity
meditation, which are conducive to rebirth in those states, are most numerously taught in
the Suttantas. (For example, to accomplish a meritorious act of generosity, there must be
the donor, his volition, the recipient and the object to offer. Of these factors. volition alone
is an ultimate reality, but the rest are just designations, exclusion of which makes
generosity impossible. The same is true of morality and tranquillity meditation.) Therefore,
it should be noted without any doubt that conventional truth leads to happy abodes as has
been stated. Exclusion of conventional truth, to say the least, will deter fulfilment of
Perfections which are required for Buddhahood.
Although it is true that the Buddha's Teachings of Suttantas alone would make beings
avoid wrongdoings. Since the Buddha Himself has said that there exist ‘I’, ‘he’, ‘mine’,
‘his’, ‘my wife and children’ and ‘his wife and children’, etc. there is danger of beings
becoming strongly attached to the wrong notion that there really exist such things and
becoming gradually removed from the Path, Fruition and NibbÈna. In order to help them
reach the Path, Fruition and NibbÈna, the Buddha had to teach Ultimate Truth as embodied
in the Abhidhamma.
Reasons for teaching Two Kinds of Truth
The Suttanta's teaching of the existence of individuals and things belonging to them is
made in agreement with designations which are universally used. But by means of
Abhidhamma, the Buddha had to remove their wrong notions saying that there is no such
thing as ‘I’, ‘he’, ‘man’, ‘woman’, etc., therefore, because of their conventional terms it
should not be grasped that they really exist; all is but impermanent, unsatisfactory and
unsubstantial.
In this way, the Buddha explained that there exist ‘I’, ‘he’, ‘man’, ‘woman’, etc. only as
mere designations (or as conventional truth), and that these things do not exist in their
ultimate sense. Hence the need for Him to teach both kinds of truth.
Natural Truth (SabhÈva Sacca) and Noble Truth (Ariya Sacca)
Ultimate Truth is of two kinds: (a) Natural and (b) Noble. All the four ultimate realities,
namely, mind, mental concomitants, matter and NibbÈna
,
constitute Natural Truth because
they are real in their absolute sense.