THE ANUD¢PAN¢
different circumstances, truth is basically of two kinds: (1) Conventional Truth (
Sammuti-
sacca
) and (2) Ultimate Truth (
Paramattha-sacca
). (Only these two kinds of Truth are
taught by the Buddha; there is no such thing as a third truth; there is no truth other than
these two in the entire world.)
Conventional Truth (
Sammuti-Sacca
)
Of these two kinds, the conventional truth is the truth which agrees with what has been
named by people. People generally name things according to their shapes. They call a thing
of this shape a ‘human’, a thing of that shape a ‘bull’, a thing of another shape a ‘horse’.
Again, among humans, one of this shape is called a ‘man’ and one of that shape a
‘woman’. There are, in this way, as many names as there are things.
If you call a thing named ‘man’, a 'man', it is a conventional truth; it is conventionally
correct for you to say so. If you call what has been named ‘man’, a ‘bull’, it is not a
conventional truth; it is not conventionally correct for you to say so. If you refer to
someone, who has been named ‘woman’, as a ‘man’, it is not a conventional truth; it is not
conventionally correct for you to say so. In this way, one should differentiate between the
two truths.
Ultimate Truth (Paramattha-Sacca)
That which not only has been named by people but which really exists in its ultimate
sense is called Ultimate Truth. For example, when it is said, ‚the thing that knows various
sense objects is mind (
citta
)‛, the knowing principle is an Ultimate Truth because it truly
exists in its ultimate sense. When it is said, ‚the thing that changes owing to opposite
phenomena, such as heat and cold, etc. is matter (
r|pa
)‛, the changing principle is an
Ultimate Truth, because it truly exists in its ultimate sense. In this way, mental
concomitants (
cetasika
) and NibbÈna should also be known as Ultimate Truths, because
they also truly exist in their ultimate sense.
Perception (SaÒÒÈ) and Wisdom (PaÒÒÈ)
Of the two kinds of truth, the conventional truth is associated with perception; in other
words, the conventional truth depends on perception. Recognition of things according to
their respective shapes as one has been saying since one's childhood ‘such a shape is a
man’, ‘such a shape is a woman’, ‘such a shape is a bull’, ‘such a shape is a horse’ and so
on, is perception. A person seeing through perception will say: ‚ ‘There exists a human
body’, ‘there exists a man’, ‘there exists a woman’, etc.‛
The Ultimate Truth is the object of wisdom. In other words, it manifests itself through
wisdom. The greater the wisdom, the more discernable the Ultimate Truth. Wisdom makes
an analysis of everything and sees its true nature. When it is said ‚the thing that knows
various sense objects in mind‛, wisdom investigates whether a knowing principle exists or
not and decides that it does. If there were no such thing as knowing, wisdom ponders, there
would never be beings; all would have been sheer matter, such as stones, rocks and the
like. Material things are far from knowing. But all beings do cognize various sense objects.
When wisdom thus ponders, there manifests itself the principle (
citta
) which knows sense
objects.
Therefore, that mind exists, in ultimate sense, is clear to those who think through
wisdom; the more they think, the clearer they comprehend. But to those who see things
through perception, it will not be clear; it will remain indiscernible. Because, as has been
said before, perception is a notion of shapes. When you say there is mind, the perceptionist
may ask, ‚Is the mind round, flat, or square? Is it a powder, a liquid, or a gas?‛ But you
cannot answer that it is round, flat, or square nor can you say that it is a powder, a liquid,
or a gas. If you cannot say anything, he may argue that there is no such thing as mind;
because if there were such a thing, it must be round, flat or square; it must be a powder, a
liquid or a gas. To the perceptionist, who is preoccupied with the idea of concrete forms,
mind does not exist simply because it does not assume any concrete form.
Just as the perceptionist cannot see the ultimate truth, so the intellectual cannot see the