THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1622
Vepacitti, King of the Asuras, and brought him to the presence of Sakka. As he entered or
left the Assembly, he reviled Sakka with abusive words but Sakka endured him without
showing anger. (SaÑyutta NikÈya
,
Sagatha Vagga, Sakka SaÑyutta, Vepacitti Sutta.)
Then MÈtali (Sakka's charioteer) asked his master why he remained calm, without
showing any resentment in the face of such insults. Sakka's reply in verse included the
following extract:
SadatthaparamÈ atthÈ,
KhantyÈ bhiyyo na vijjati.
Yo have balavÈ santo,
Dubbalassa titikkhati,
Tam Èhu paramam khantim.
Of all kinds of interest, self-interest is supreme; and amongst acts that
promote self-interest, forbearance is the best. He who being strong himself
endures the weak; this the virtuous call the supreme forbearance.
Explanation on quotations from the Texts.
Although the above quotations, from the Sakka SaÑyutta and Sarabha~ga JÈtaka
,
refer
particularly to forbearance to verbal insults, it should be understood that enduring physical
assaults also is meant. The Texts mention verbal insults because these are more commonly
met with than physical attacks.
This is borne out by the example of the aforesaid story of Venerable PuÓÓa which
included physical ill-treatments in ascending order of grievousness.
In the KhantivÈdÊ JÈtaka also is found the story of Hermit KhantivÈdÊ who set an example
of supreme forbearance when King Kalabu tortured him, not only verbally but also
physically, causing him death.
Anger (akkodha) and Forbearance (khantÊ)
As has been stated above, forbearance is controlling oneself not to resent when being
attacked by others, either verbally or physically. But there is another form of anger which
is not connected with verbal or physical wrongs done by others. Suppose a man employs
someone to do a certain job and the workman performs it to the best of his ability. But the
employer is not satisfied with his work and may burst out with anger. If one controls one's
temper in such a situation, it is not forbearance (
khantÊ
), it is just giving no vent to anger
(
akkodha
).
Akkodha and KhantÊ as Kingly Duties
In the MahÈ HaÑsa JÈtaka of the Asiti Nipata
,
PÈÔha JÈtaka, the Buddha teaches ‘Ten
Duties of the King’ (
dÈsa rÈga-dhamma
) which include both
akkodha
and
khantÊ
.
In carrying out various orders of a monarch, his executives may have performed their
tasks well with the best of intention, but not to his satisfaction.
Akkodha
as one of the Ten
Duties of the King forbids him from giving way to royal anger in such a situation. In
contrast,
khantÊ
which is bearing verbal or physical insults without losing temper is laid
down separately as another Duty of the King.
Nine Causes of Anger
There are nine causes of anger which arises in relation to oneself, to friends, loved ones
or to one's enemies. It may also arise regarding actions in the past, present or future, Thus
there are nine causes of anger arising with regard to individuals and with regard to time:
(1) One is angry in relation to oneself, thinking: ‚He
has
caused damage to my interest.‛
(2) One is angry in relation to oneself, thinking: ‚He
is
causing damage to my interest.‛
(3) One is angry in relation to oneself, thinking: ‚He
will
cause damage to my interest.‛
(4) One is angry in relation to one's friends, thinking: ‚He has caused damage to the
interest of my friend.‛
(5) One is angry in relation to one's friends, thinking: ‚He is causing damage to the