THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1620
tadÈkÈrappavattacittuppÈdo khantÊ-pÈramitÈ.
‛ The group of consciousness and its
concomitants associated with tolerance of wrongs done by others, predominated by the
mental factor of non-aversion (
adosa-cetasika
) and grasped by compassion and skill in
means is called Perfection of Forbearance; that is, the group of consciousness and its
concomitants formed in such a mode of tolerance to faults of beings is called Perfection of
Forbearance.
The M|la TikÈ in commenting on the five restraints (morality, mindfulness, wisdom,
forbearance and energy) briefly explained in the AÔÔhasÈlini, defines the restraint of
forbearance as: ‘
KhantÊti adhivÈsanÈ; sÈ ca tatha pavattÈ khandhÈ; paÒÒÈti eke, adoso eva
vÈ
.’ ‚
KhantÊ
‛ means forbearance; that forbearance is actually the four mental aggregates
formed in such a mode of tolerance; some teachers say it is Wisdom (
paÒÒÈ
) or only the
mental factor of non-aversion.
Some scholars take the view:
‚The exhortation in the PÈli Texts, ‘to bear praise and disdain with patience’ seems
to imply that one should tolerate praise as well as disdain. But, in actual
experience, one is liable to be displeased and angry only when one is insulted and
despised; no one shows such emotions when treated with honour and veneration.
Therefore, the term forbearance should be used only when one shows no anger in a
situation which would normally provoke anger to many others.
‚To take the PÈli Text exhortation literally is to equate the Perfection of
Forbearance with the Perfection of Equanimity, seeing no difference between the
two.‛
As the authority quoted by these scholars is the aforesaid CariyÈpiÔaka
Commentary and M|la ®ikÈ, their view may not be set aside.
It should be noted, however, that forbearance is considered to be tolerance of
others' treatment whereas equanimity is indifference towards beings, without hate
or love.
The Venerable Ledi Sayadaw in his
Ma~gala Sutta Nissaya
defines
KhantÊ
as ‚not
feeling exalted when encountering pleasantness and remaining patient without
giving vent to anger when encountering hardships.‛ This definition is in agreement
with the exhortation ‘
sammÈnÈvamÈnakkhamo
’.
To reconcile the Commentary's exposition and the Text: Bodhisattas are by nature
serious minded; pleasant experiences or happy circumstances do not make them
excited with greed; they are accustomed to remain unmoved by them without
having to make a special effort to discipline their mind. When faced with an
unhappy turn of events, however, they have to make special endeavour to bear
them patiently so as to fulfil their Perfection of Forbearance.
Bodhisattas, who are fulfiling the Perfection of Forbearance, have to put up with
both pleasant and unpleasant experiences so as not to develop greed and ill-will.
Hence, the exhortation given in the Text, to bear praise without developing greed
and to tolerate insults and ill-treatments without generating hate. But it is nothing
strange for Bodhisattas, who are serious minded, to experience pleasantness
without being moved by greed. Therefore, the Commentary comments only upon
tolerance, which is to be cultivated as Perfection of Forbearance in unpleasant
situations which are unbearable to ordinary persons. Viewed in this way, there is
no disagreement between the exposition in the Commentary and the teaching in the
Text.
The Nature of Forbearance
Forbearance being the group of consciousness and its concomitants led by the mental
factor of non-aversion (
adosa cetasika
), which has the characteristics of lack of ill-will or
anger, is not a separate ultimate reality like Wisdom or Energy. However, When considered
by itself as
adosa cetasika
, it is of course an ultimate reality like Wisdom or Energy.