THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1604
advantages and their causes;
ii) Dwelling in the forest with an evil desire, ‚If I go and dwell in the forest, people will
support me generously as a forest dweller‛;
iii) Dwelling in the forest because of insanity;
iv) Dwelling in the forest because the practice is praised by the Buddhas and the
virtuous; and
v) Dwelling in the forest because one has few wishes, contentment and such virtues.
Only the last two of these kinds of forest dwelling are praiseworthy.
Perfection of Renunciation is not a matter of where one lives. Defilement of sense-desire
(
kilesa-kÈma
), craving for pleasant sensuous objects, is liable to arise anywhere. This
defilement of sense-desire should be eradicated wherever it appears and not be permitted to
thrive. Emancipation from defilement of sense-desire by eradication in this way is the true
characteristic of renunciation.
As for Emancipation from pleasant objects of sense-desire, there are examples of
Sumedha the Wise, the Hatthipala brothers etc. who went forth as far as the Himalayas.
Therefore, it may be asked whether it is necessary for those who wish to fulfil Perfection
of Renunciation (Emancipation from pleasant objects of sense-desire) to go forth as far as
the Himalayas. One should do so if possible, or if one wishes to or if circumstances favour.
In the JÈtaka Stories concerning renunciation, the majority went forth up to the Himalayas.
They did so as circumstances were favourable to them.
According to the Maghadeva JÈtaka of the Ekaka Nipata and the Nimi JÈtaka of the MahÈ
Nipata, the continuous line of rulers numbering eighty-four thousand, beginning with King
Maghadeva to King Nimi, went forth from household life to homeless one as soon as a
single hair on the head turned grey. However, none of them went up to the Himalayas.
They repaired only to the royal mango grove near their capital city of Mithila. It is said that
by strenuous practice of meditation they attained
jhÈnas
and were reborn in BrahmÈ realms.
It is evident from these stories that, although not travelling as far as the Himalayas, just
leaving the place, where mental defilement of greed thrives, is sufficient for successful
fulfilment of Perfection of Renunciation. The eighty-four thousand kings such as
Maghadeva completely abandoned their luxurious palaces, and by living in the mango
grove, their Perfection of Renunciation was fulfilled.
Therefore, Perfection of Renunciation can be fulfilled by anyone who abandons
completely the place where his mental defilement of greed flourishes and without
establishing such new resorts, dwells in a suitable place free from such defilement.
Two Kinds of Renunciation
Renunciation of Bodhisattas is of two kinds:
(i) Renunciation when they are young (and single), and
(ii) Renunciation when they are old (and married).
Sumedha the Wise, the HatthipÈla brothers, etc. renounced the worldly life to escape
from (bonds of) pleasant objects of sense-desire, namely, luxuries of their palaces or
homes. Although the JÈtakas referred to them as examples of those who fulfilled the
Perfection of Renunciation, they were then mere youths still unmarried. They were
possessors of pleasant objects of sense-desire, but it may be said that their ties to them
were not so strong. Only older people living a household life with wife and children are
tightly bound with these fetters of
vatthu-kÈma
. In this connection, it may be said that
renunciation by old married people is more difficult than that by younger persons. But
some could point out that the renunciation by the Bodhisatta Prince Temiya, made at a time
when he was only sixteen and unmarried was really an arduous one. But his difficulty arose
not from the bonds of pleasant objects of sense-desire but from the great troubles of having
to pretend to be cripple, deaf and dumb to make his renunciation possible. Therefore,
although he faced much difficulty when contriving to make his renunciation, when he
actually did so, he encountered little difficulty because he had only few fetters of pleasant