THE ANUD¢PAN¢
(i)
KÈma Vitakka, sensuous thought, i.e. thinking of pleasant objects as desirable things;
(ii)
ByÈpÈda Vitakka, hateful thought, i.e. thinking of harming others, and
(iii)
VihimsÈ Vitakka, cruel thought, i.e. thinking of torturing others.
The three kinds of right thought are:
(i)
Nekkhamma Vitakka, thought of renunciation, i.e. thinking of emancipating oneself
from sensuous objects.
(ii)
AvyÈpÈda Vitakka, thought of hatelessness, i.e. thinking of others with loving-
kindness. and
(iii)
AvihimsÈ Vitakka, thought of non-violence, i.e. thinking of others with compassion.
The source of greed (
kilesa kÈma
), on close examination is found to lie in sensuous
thought (KÈma Vitakka) which is one of the three wrong thoughts. As long as one keeps on
thinking of sensuous thought, greed continues to multiply and there is no emancipation
from that mental defilement of greed. Only when one ceases to think of pleasant objects of
sense-desire, greed will not arise and one achieves emancipation. Therefore, as stated
above, one should be mindful to be free from mental defilement of greed. Just as freedom
from sense-desire leads to freedom from cycle of
saÑsÈra
, even so, making efforts to free
oneself from greed results in freedom from pleasant objects of sense-desire.
The characteristics, functions, manifestations and proximate causes of this Perfection of
Renunciation and of the remaining ones are dealt in the Chapter: On Miscellany.
Relation between Renunciation and The Life of A Bhikkhu
The CariyapiÔaka Commentary defines ‘
nekkhamma
’: ‚
Nekkhammam pabbajja-m|lakam
.‛
This definition can be interpreted in two ways: ‚Emancipation has a
bhikkhu's
life as its
cause,‛ and ‚Emancipation is the cause of a
bhikkhu's
life.‛ The first interpretation,
namely, a
bhikkhu's
life as a cause of emancipation is in consonance with the narration in
the MahÈ Janaka JÈtaka. King MahÈ Janaka first acquired requisites of robes, a bowl etc.
without the knowledge of his Queen, lesser Queens and royal attendants and he then went
up to the upper terrace of his palace and became a
bhikkhu
; thereafter, he renounced the
world. In this instance, the Bodhisatta MahÈ Janaka became a
bhikkhu
before he made the
renunciation. Therefore, it may be said that the
bhikkhu's
life is the cause and renunciation
is the effect.
The second interpretation, namely, emancipation as a cause of
bhikkhu's
life, is in
consonance with the stories of Sumedha the Wise, the HatthipÈla brothers, etc. Sumedha the
Wise, first went forth and reaching Dhammika Mountain, found a dwelling place readily
prepared by Sakka, King of Devas. Then only he became a
bhikkhu
. Similarly, the
Hatthipala brothers went forth first and when pursued by the whole country led by royal
parents, they became
bhikkhus
. Therefore, it may be said renunciation of Sumedha the
Wise, HatthipÈla brothers etc. is the cause and the
bhikkhu's
life is the effect.
The CariyÈpitaka Commentary gives the exposition in accordance with the first
interpretation. (This is mentioned in detail in the Chapter: On Miscellany.) Though
Sumedha the Wise, the HatthipÈla brothers, etc. renounced the world first and became
bhikkhus
afterwards, they did so only because they wanted a
bhikkhu's
life. Therefore, even
though renunciation took place first, it may be said that a
bhikkhu's
life which follows later
is the real cause. (For example, to construct a building, the wood is cut first. Although
cutting of wood precedes construction, the wood is cut with the intention of constructing
the building, Therefore, it should be said the desire to build the building is the cause and
cutting of the wood is its effect.)
Five Kinds of Forest Dwelling
As expounded in the Vinaya ParivÈra Ekuttarikanaya paÒcaka and UpÈli PaÒha, Dhutanga
Vagga, forest dwelling is of five kinds:
i) Dwelling in the forest because of stupidity, dullness of mind, not knowing the