THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1602
(c)
by avoiding seven minor acts of sexuality; furthermore,
(d)
through non-arising of anger, grudge, disparagement, rivalry, jealousy, meanness-
stinginess, deceit, hypocrisy and such evils, and
(e)
through development of such attributes as fewness of wishes, being easily
satisfied, practice of austerity, etc.
These types of morality (
sÊlas
)
,
which are not torn, not rent, not blotched and not mottled,
also assume other names such as, Bhujissa-sÊla because they set one free from servitude of
craving; ViÒÒ|pasattha-sÊla because they are praised by the wise; AparÈmattha-sÊla because
they are not effected by craving: ‚My
sÊla
is very pure, it will produce great beneficial
results in future‛, or by wrong personality belief: ‚This
sÊla
is mine; my
sÊla
is very pure;
no one possesses
sÊla
like mine‛; SamÈdhi samvattanika-sÊla because they are conducive to
advancement towards Access Concentration (
UpacÈra-samÈdhi
) and Absorption
Concentration (
AppanÈ-samÈdhi
).
As stated above, these seven factors, namely, not torn, not rent, not blotched, not mottled,
liberating, praised by the wise and not tarnished by craving and wrong view are the factors
conducive to purification of morality. Only when morality is complete with these seven
factors can it develop the aforesaid two kinds of concentration. Therefore, a noble person
wishing to develop these two kinds of Concentration should earnestly endeavour to make
his
sÊla
complete with all these seven factors.
(c) The Perfection of Renunciation (Nekkhamma-PÈramÊ)
Nekkhamma means renunciation which is here synonymous with emancipation.
Emancipation is of two kinds: emancipation from cycle of existences (
saÑsÈra
) and
emancipation from sense-desire (
kÈma
), the former being the result of the latter. Only when
emancipation from sense-desire has been achieved through practice, can one gain
emancipation from
saÑsÈra
. Of these two kinds of emancipation, it is for the purpose of
the resultant emancipation (from existences) that the Buddha expounds in the BuddhavaÑsa
Text, likening the three states of existence
18
to prisons.
Essential Meaning of Perfection of Renunciation
According to the CariyÈpiÔaka Commentary, Perfection of Renunciation, in terms of
Abhidhamma, is wholesome consciousness together with mental concomitants that arises
by virtue of emancipation from sense-desire and from the three states of existence. The
MahÈ Niddesa describes two kinds of sense-desire: pleasant objects of sense-desire (
vatthu-
kÈma
), and mental defilement of greed which is desire for pleasant objects (
kilesa-kÈma
).
With reference to Perfection of Renunciation, emancipation from sense-desire means
emancipation from both kinds of sense-desire.
How to be Mindful to achieve Emancipation
How to achieve emancipation from bonds of
kilesa-kÈma
is explained in the MahÈ
Niddesa PÈli:
Addasam kÈma te m|lam sankappÈ kÈma jÈyasi
na tam sankappayissÈmi evam kÈma na hohisi.
O greed, I have seen your source; you arise from my thoughts of pleasant
objects of sense (KÈma Vitakka). No more will I think of any pleasant object
of sense. Then, O greed, you will arise no more.
In this connection, three kinds of wrong thought and three kinds of right thought should
be understood. The three kinds of wrong thought are:
18. The three states of exsstence are: (a)
KÈma-bhava
, the state of sensual existence, (b)
R|pa-
bhava
, the state of fine material existence and (c)
Ar|pa-bhava
, the states of formless, non-
material existence.