THE ANUD¢PAN¢
(4) (a) PÈtimokkhasamvara-sÊla, (b) Indriyasamvara-sÊla, (c) ŒjivapÈrisuddhi-sÊla, and (d)
Paccayasannissita-sÊla.
These four are chiefly concerned with the
bhikkhu
. When the
Bodhisatta
, Sumedha the
Hermit, reflected on the Perfection of Morality, he said to himself: ‚
tath'eva tvam
cat|su bh|misu, silÈni parip|raya
—— likewise, you should become accomplished in the
four realms of
sÊla
.‛
(a) PÈtimokkhasamvara-sÊla
The SÊla that liberates its observer from suffering of the four lower worlds is called
PÈtimokkhasamvara-sÊla. (‚pÈti‛ - observer; ‚mokkha‛ - to set free)
The observer of this
sÊla
(i) should have proper conduct, (ii) should have blameless,
wholesome resorts, (iii) should see great danger in the slightest fault; the offence may be
small like a particle of dust but one should see in it a danger as big as Mount Meru which
has a height of one hundred and sixty-eight thousand yojanas above and under water and
(iv) should observe and practise the precepts properly.
To explain further:
(i) In the world, there is ŒcÈra-dhamma that should be practised, and there is AnÈcÈra-
dhamma that should not be practised. The three wrong physical actions (killing, stealing
and unlawful sexual intercourse) and the four wrong speeches (telling lies, backbiting,
abusing and babbling), altogether seven wrong doings (
duccarita
), and other deeds that
cause breach of
sÊla
constitute
anÈcÈra
.
To give some examples of unwholesome actions that would cause breach of
sÊla
: in the
world, some
bhikkhus
earn their living by making gifts of bamboo, leaves, flowers, fruits,
soap powder, and tooth sticks to the laity; they degrade themselves by approving of the
wrong speeches of the laity, flattering them to gain favour, telling much falsehood mixed
with a little truth just like a lot of uncooked peas mixed with a few cooked ones in a pot.
They look after children of the laity as nurse-maids, embracing them, dressing them, etc.
They serve as messengers running errands for their lay supporters; they give medical
treatment to laity, look after their properties, exchange food and beverage with them. Such
wrong livelihood as well as every other resort of wrong livelihood condemned by the
Buddha are called AnÈcÈra-dhamma.
It is improper for the
bhikkhu
to give bamboo, leaves, etc. even if the laity come and ask
for their use; more so, therefore, when they are not asked for. Such acts of giving are not
the business of
bhikkhus
. If they do so, they would be destroying the faith of the laity
(
kulad|sana
) in the Vinaya.
In this connection, it might be asked whether the laity's faith would not be destroyed if
the
bhikkhu
does not give them what they want, or whether, if the
bhikkhu
gave them what
they want, their faith would develop with the thought: ‚This is the
bhikkhu
who satisfies
our needs.‛ The laity's faith in the
bhikkhu
as a disciple of the Exalted One has been
genuine and pure even before receiving gifts from the
bhikkhu
; after their receipt, the laity
will see him as the giver of bamboo, the giver of leaves, etc. and as a result attachment will
arise in them. Therefore, their faith in the
bhikkhu
becomes tainted with attachment. The
genuine faith has been destroyed. Accordingly, the Exalted One has condemned the giving
of gifts by the
bhikkhu
, naming such act as Kulad|sana, ‘despoilment of the laity's faith’.
All practices which are the opposite of the aforesaid AnÈcÈra are ŒcÈra practices which
should be cultivated.
(ii) Resort is of two kinds, namely, wrong resort and right resort.
Wrong resort: some
bhikkhus
, in the Teachings of the Buddha, have intimate dealings
with prostitutes, widows, divorced women, spinsters, eunuchs and
bhikkhunÊs
. They
frequent ale houses which is unbecoming for a
bhikkhu
. They mingle with kings, ministers,
heretics and their followers like ordinary laymen. They associate with people who have no
faith, who abuse and threaten the disciples of the Buddha,
bhikkhus
,
bhikkhunÊs
, male and