THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1584
desanÈ
). Though all is a mass of
nÈma
and
r|pa
, by conventional-usage, it is determined
for easy discrimination that such-and-such a mass is ‘I’ such and such a mass is ‘they’,
such-and-such a mass is ‘mother’, ‘father’, etc. If people deviate the norm set up by
conventional usages, they will go astray doing wrong deeds. It is to prevent them from
falling to the lower planes of existence as a consequence of their misdeeds that the Buddha
teaches the discourses in conventional terms.
If, however, only Discourses were delivered, people would take such term as ‘I’, ‘they’,
‘my son’, ‘my daughter’, ‘my wife’, ‘my property’, etc., as Ultimate Realities and their
belief in Permanent Personality (
sakkÈya-diÔÔhi
) would become so great that they would not
attain
magga, phala
and NibbÈna.
Hence the teaching of
NÈma-R|pa Paramattha Dhamma
by the Buddha.
Some teachers write: ‚In the Vinaya PiÔaka there is an injunction for
bhikkhus
not to
observe ‘
bhikkhu uposatha
’ (recitation of
PÈtimokkha
rules) on non-
Uposatha
days. If they
do so, they commit the offence of
dukkata-apatti
. Likewise, laymen should not observe the
Eight Precepts on non-
Uposatha
days.‛
Such writing shows they are not accomplished in interpreting the Teaching of the Buddha.
Vinaya DesanÈ
is called AnÈdesanÈ in Buddhist literature; it means the authoritative
injunction laid down by the Exalted One. If a
bhikkhu
commits even with good intention a
forbidden act, he is guilty because he goes against the command of the Exalted One and
transgresses the rules of the Vinaya. To assume that such a Vinaya rule is also applicable to
laymen in their observance of Uposatha, to say that people must not observe precepts on
non-
Uposatha
days and that doing so will be an offence, is a clear misinterpretation of the
DesanÈ
. In brief, Uposatha being a pure and noble observance can be fulfilled on any day.
The more it is observed the greater will be the beneficial results.
Therefore, the Sub-commentary on the MahÈ Sudassana Sutta of the MahÈ Vagga, DÊgha
NikÈya, says: ‚
uposatham vuccati attha~gasamannÈgatam sabbadivasesu gahaÔÔhehi
rakkhitabbasÊlam-uposatha
is said to be the
sÊla
with eight factors that can be observed by
laymen on all days.‛ (This Sub-commentary is written by the Ven. DhammapÈla who has
also written the AnutikÈ, the Sub-commentary of the M|latikÈ, the Visuddhi-magga
MahÈtikÈ, the Itivuttaka AtthakathÈ, etc., and other Sub-commentaries.)
(3) (a) Pakati-sÊla, (b) AcÈra-sÊla, (c) DhammatÈ-sÊla and (d) Pubbahetu-sÊla.
(a) Non-transgression of the Five Precepts by inhabitants of the Northern Continent is
called Pakati-sÊla. (By nature, these inhabitants refrain from wrong deeds, such as
killing, etc. without taking the vow of the Five Precepts.) Non-breaking of the Five
Precepts by them is not a matter of restraint through a vow (
samadana-virati
), but of
natural restraint even when transgression is demanded by circumstances (
sampatta-
virati
).
(b) Following traditional practices of one's family, locality or sect is called AcÈra-sÊla.
(Refraining from evil because it is done so by one's ancestry is called Kula-acÈra;
refraining from evil because it is generally done so in one's locality is called Desa-
acÈra; refraining from evil because it is done so in one's sect is called PÈsaÓa-sÊla.)
(c) The kind of
sÊla
kept by the mother of a Bodhisatta since she conceived her son, by
virtue of which she has no thought for man, is called DhammatÈ-sÊla. (A Bodhisatta's
mother regularly observes the Five Precepts and desires no man, not even her husband,
from the moment of conception. This is because an extremely Noble Being, the
Bodhisatta, is lying in her womb. As the
sÊla
is kept as a rule by the mother of a
Bodhisatta, it is called DhammatÈ-sÊla.)
(d) The observance of
sÊla
by chaste persons, such as the youth Pippali (who later became
MahÈ Kassapa) and the Bodhisatta like King MahÈsÊlava, through natural inclination
and without anyone's instruction is called Pubbahetu-sÊla. (As a result of habitual
observance of
sÊla
in their former births, they are by nature inclined to observe
sÊla
in
this life.)