THE ANUD¢PAN¢
Herein, there is one thing to consider: Even though the Commentaries on the A~guttara,
the SuttanipÈta, the JÈtaka, and the SaÑyutta are written by the same Commentator,
Venerable MahÈ Buddhaghosa, why are they different from one another regarding
Uposatha
days?
That the Buddha actually described the three kinds of Uposatha is clear from the
Visakh'uposath Sutta, but there is no
sutta
delivered by the Buddha to set aside specific
days, three or six, as Uposatha days. The fourteenth Uposatha, the fifteenth Uposatha, the
eighth Uposatha, PÈÔihÈriya Uposatha mentioned before are not prescribed by the Exalted
One as days of Uposatha observance. Indeed, it was Sakka, King of Devas, who said to
TÈvatiÑsa Deities: ‚People observe Uposatha on the fourteenth, the fifteenth, and the
eighth. On the days called PÈtihÈriya, too, they observe Uposatha.‛ He was given this
information by Catumaharajika who went round in the human world preparing a list of the
virtuous. The Buddha was only reproducing the words of Sakka. The classification of the
fourteenth, the fifteenth and the eighth Uposatha days is merely a statement of the
Uposatha days traditionally observed by people. There is no special discourse expounded
by the Exalted One to enjoin Uposatha must be observed on these days or must not be
observed on other days.
Thus the fourteenth, the fifteenth, the eighth Uposatha days were the days of Uposatha
observance prescribed by the ancient people. So, traditionally, there were only three Pakati
-
Uposatha days, but later on people observed the fifth day also and therefore there come to
be four Uposatha days in each fortnight of a month. Thus the fifth Uposatha day is
mentioned in the Commentary. Nowadays people observe only four Uposatha in a month.
The Buddha did not prescribe any specific Uposatha day because people can observe the
precepts on whichever day they like. In mentioning PaÔijÈgara and PÈÔihÈriya Uposatha
days as special days for observance, the Commentators are merely recording the various
customary practices of the people. Hence these seeming differences in the Commentaries.
Moreover, the A~guttara, the SuttanipÈta, the SaÑyutta and the JÈtaka which make
expositions of
sÊla
are known as the
Suttanta DesanÈ
, the teachings in discourses; they are
also known as
VohÈra DesanÈ
because, in these discourses, the Buddha, who is
incomparable in the usage of the world, employs the terms and expressions of the people
which can never be uniform. Thus, with regard to different classifications of Uposatha, as
all are meant to develop good merit, it is not necessary to decide which view is right and
which view is wrong. In the Suttanipata Commentary the three views are described
advising readers to accept whichever they like.
SÊla
-observers select suitable days which they prefer and observe Uposatha accordingly
in many ways. And all their observance develops merits, so the Commentators write,
recording the ways employed by the people. In the Discourses, Suttanta DesanÈ, even the
Buddha expounded following the usages of the people. Why did the Exalted One expound
in this manner? Because He wished them not to violate their traditional customs which are
not demeritorious.
The principal objective of the Exalted One is to expound only such realities as mind and
matter (
NÈma-r|pa Paramattha Dhamma
) that would facilitate attainment of the Paths,
Fruition States and NibbÈna. Teaching in such abstruse terms could be beneficial to those
with right perception. But it could make those lacking it to commit wrong deeds which
would lead them to the four lower worlds. For example, those who have wrong perception
of
NÈma-r|pa dhamma
would think thus: ‚In this world there is
nÈma-r|pa
only; there is
neither ‘I’ nor ‘others’; if there is no ‘others’ there will be no harm in killing them: and
there will be neither ‘mine’ nor ‘others’; therefore, there will be no harm in stealing things,
in committing adultery, etc. In this manner, they will freely break the rules of society and
do such unwholesome acts which will cause rebirths in the lower planes of existence.
In terms of Ultimate Truth (
paramattha-sacca
) there is neither ‘I’ nor ‘others’, neither
‘man’ nor ‘woman’, etc. There are only aggregates of
nÈma-r|pa
(mental and physical
phenomena). For those incapable of understanding the terms of Ultimate Truth, the Buddha
employed terms of Conventional Truth (
samuti-sacca
) in giving Discourses (
Suttanta