THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1582
namely, the fifth, the eighth, the fourteenth and the fifteenth waxing days; the waning
fortnight has four Uposatha days, too, namely, the fifth, the eighth, the fourteenth and the
fifteenth waning days; altogether there are eight Uposatha days in a month. These eight are
ordinary Uposatha days usually observed by the laity.
(Whereas, nowadays, the lay people observe only four Uposatha days in each month.
These are the eighth waxing, the full-moon, the eighth waning and the new-moon days.)
(2) PaÔijÈgara Uposatha (Pre-and Post-Uposatha Days)
PaÔijÈgara Uposatha means the eight ordinary Uposatha days observed with one
additional day before and after each of them. (
Pati
means ‘repeatedly’;
JÈgara
means
‘waking’. Therefore,
PaÔijÈgara-sÊla
may be interpreted as morality which repeatedly
wakes up from the slumber of defilements.) To calculate the number of days: the fifth
waxing Uposatha day is preceded by the fourth waxing, and followed by the sixth waxing
Uposatha days; the eighth Uposatha day is preceded by the seventh waxing and followed
by the ninth waxing Uposatha days; the fortnight waxing Uposatha day is preceded by the
thirteenth waxing Uposatha day (but there is not Uposatha day to follow); the full-moon
day is not preceded by an Uposatha day but is followed by the first waning Uposatha day.
Hence, serially there are the fourth, the fifth, the sixth, the seventh, the eighth, the ninth,
the thirteenth, the fourteenth waxing, the full-moon and the first waning days. Thus there
are ten days in the waxing fortnight and ten days in the waning fortnight of the month,
making altogether eight Pakati Uposatha and twelve PatijÈgara Uposatha days in a month.
(3) PÈÔihÈriya Uposatha.
The Uposatha which is more powerful than the
PaÔijÈgara
is called PÈÔihÈriya. PaÔijÈgara
Uposatha has intervening days in the waxing and waning fortnight. PÈÔihÈriya
Uposatha has
no such days,
sÊla
being observed continuously.
If the laity wants to observe PÈÔihÈriya
Uposatha, they should observe for the whole three
months of
Vassa
(rains-retreat) without a break. If they cannot observe for the whole three
months, they should do so for one month from the full moon of Thadingyut (October) to
the full moon of Tazaungmon (November). If they cannot observe for one month, they
should do so for fifteen days from the full moon to the new moon of Thadingyut. This is
stated in the A~guttara NikÈya Commentary.
However, according to the Sutta NipÈta Attakhatha (the Dhammika Sutta of the C|la
Vagga), the Uposatha observed for five months (Waso, Wagoung, Tawthalin, Thadingyut,
Tazaungmon) without break is PÈÔihÈriya
Uposatha
.
Whereas other teachers say that the
Uposatha observed for each of the three months of Waso, Tazaungmon and Tabaung
without break is called PÈÔihÈriya
Uposatha. Still other teachers say that, according to PÈli
Texts, there are three Pakati Uposatha days, namely, the eighth, the fourteenth and the
fifteenth of each fortnight of a month. If, in addition to those three Pakati Uposatha days,
four more days, namely, the seventh before the eighth and the ninth after the eighth, the
thirteenth before the fourteenth and the first day after the fifteenth are observed, such
Uposatha is called PÈÔihÈriya Uposatha. The Commentator remarks that for the benefit of
the good people, who wish to acquire good merit, all kinds of
SÊlas
are mentioned to enable
them to observe whichever they like.
Of the three views shown in the SuttanipÈta Atthakatha, the Commentator's own view:
‚the Uposatha observed for five months is PÈÔihÈriya Uposatha,‛ agrees in essence with the
A~guttara Commentary, where the period of continuous observance is shown as three
months; whereas in the Suttanipata Commentary, it is five months. That is the only
difference.
The third view from the SuttanipÈta Commentary is in agreement with that of the
Commentaries on the Nemi JÈtaka, VimÈnavatthu (Uttara VimÈnavatthu), the TheragÈtha
and the Suruci JÈtaka of the Pakinnaka NipÈta.
However, according to the Sagathavagga of the SaÑyutta AÔÔhakathÈ (Indaka Vagga, 5.
Sutta) the
PÈÔihÈriya-uposatha
days in each fortnight of the month are the seventh, the
ninth, the thirteenth, and the first waning or waxing day after the fifteenth and the half
month after
vassa
, i.e. from the first waning to the new-moon day of Thadingyut.