THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1580
Even though there are four sublime mental states
10
, the Exalted One takes only loving-
kindness and adds it to the Eight, thus prescribing the Nine Precepts because loving-
kindness has a great power. That is why the Exalted One has expounded the MettÈ Sutta in
the KhuddakapÈtha and the SuttanipÈta.
Also, in the A~guttara NikÈya, (EkÈdasaka Nipata, 2. Anussati Vagga, 5. Sutta), are
expounded the eleven advantages that accrue repeatedly to him who develops loving-
kindness:
(a)
he sleeps well in peace,
(b)
he wakes up well in peace,
(c)
he dreams no bad dreams,
(d)
he is dearly loved by human beings,
(e)
he is dearly loved by non-human beings (
ogres
and
petas
),
(f)
he is protected by devas,
(g)
he is not afflicted by fire, poison and weapons,
(h)
his mind is easily concentrated,
(i)
his face is calm and clear,
(j)
he dies unconfused, and
(k)
if he cannot penetrate higher Dhamma,
arahatta-magga
and
phala
, in this life, he
will take rebirth in the BrahmÈ-world.
Therefore, it is clear that loving-kindness is more powerful than the other three sublime
mental states.
Three Kinds of Uposatha SÊla
Uposatha SÊla is of three kinds:
(1) Gopala Uposatha - The Cowherd's Uposatha
(2) Nigantha Uposatha - The Naked Ascetic's Uposatha
(3) Ariya Uposatha - The Noble One's Uposatha
as expounded by the Exalted One in the A~guttara NikÈya (Tika NipÈta, 2. MahÈ Vagga,
10. Visakhuposatha Sutta). The essential meanings are-
(1) The Uposatha SÊla observed with thoughts of a cowherd is called ‘GopÈla Uposatha’.
After grazing the cattle all day long, the cowherd returns them to the owner in the evening.
On reaching home, he thinks only in this way: ‚Today, I have grazed the cattle in such-and-
such a field and taken them to water at such-and-such a place. Tomorrow, I'll take them to
such-and-such field for food and to such-and-such a place for water.‛ Similarly, the
observer of Uposatha SÊla, having greedy thoughts of food, thinks: ‚Today, I have taken
such-and-such a kind of food. Tomorrow, I'll take such-and-such a kind.‛ If he spends the
day thus like the cowherd, his
uposatha
is called GopÈla Uposatha.
(2) The Uposatha SÊla observed by a naked ascetic who holds wrong views is called
Nigantha Uposatha. For example, according to their practice with regard to
PÈÓÈtipÈtÈ
precept, killing living beings beyond a distance of one hundred
yojana
east, west, north and
south must not be done. Within such-and-such a distance killing is allowed, thus giving a
chance of committing evil. Differentiation between forbidden and unforbidden places for
doing wrong, they practise their
uposatha
. The
uposatha
practised by the holders of such a
view is called Nigantha Uposatha.
(3) If the
uposatha
is observed after purifying the mind of defilements through
recollection of the special attributes of the Buddha, etc. it is called Ariya Uposatha. The
Ariya Uposatha
again is of six kinds:
10. The Four Sublime mental states: Loving-kindness (
Metta
), Compassion (
KaruÓÈ
), Altruistic joy
(
Mudita
) and Equanimity (
UpekkhÈ
).