THE ANUD¢PAN¢
(3) Observance,
(4) The
sÊla
which should be observed, and
(5) The day for observing
sÊla
.
Of these five, the first meaning (1) is concerned only with the
bhikkhu
; and the second
meaning (2), being the name for a prince (e.g. Prince Uposatha) or of an elephant (e.g.
Uposatha Elephant), etc. has no connection with the Chapter on SÊla; only the remaining
three meanings are to be considered here.
The three meanings are derived from the PÈli term ‘
Upavasa
’ which means observing or
fulfilling the precepts. The third meaning (3) is the act of observing the precepts. The
fourth meaning (4) is the precepts, which should be kept. The fifth meaning (5) is the day
on which the precepts are kept.
No particular day was fixed by the virtuous people in the past for observance of the Five
Precepts and the Ten Precepts; only the Eight Precepts was observed on specially fixed
day. Hence the special epithet of
Uposatha
for these eight precepts.
There is another point to consider. The Five Precepts is not as numerous as the Eight
Precepts and as it is to be kept everyday, no special day was named for their observance.
But as the Ten Precepts is higher than the Eight Precepts, the virtuous people in the past
should have fixed a special day for their observance. If so, why had they not done so? The
probable reason is that the Eight Precepts is specially suitable for the laity whereas the Ten
Precepts is not. According to the Visuddhi-magga, the Ten Precepts is for
sÈmaÓeras
and
sÈmaÓerÊs.
The Khuddakapatha Commentary also states that the last precept,
JÈtar|pa
sikkhÈpada
, of the Ten Precepts, is a special one for
sÈmaÓeras
. It is, therefore, evident that
the Ten Precepts is specifically for
sÈmaÓeras
, not for laymen.
Therefore, the learned and virtuous in the past selected, out of the two kinds of
sÊla
which concerned them, the Eight Precepts which is of a higher form, to be observed on a
specially appointed day. Only the Eight Precepts is therefore called Uposatha as explained
in the Visuddhi-magga.
The virtuous are not content with the observance of
sÊla
only; they also wish to make
meritorious deeds through giving alms, which entail acquiring, buying, shopping of things
to offer. Consequently, they cannot properly observe the
JÈtar|pa-rajata sikkhÈpada
.
Therefore, the ancient people fixed a special day for observance of the Eight Precepts only.
NavaÒga Uposatha
In the A~guttara NikÈya (Navaka NipÈta, 2. SihanÈda Vagga, 8. Sutta) an exposition on
NavaÒga Uposatha SÊla
is given with this introduction: ‚The Nine Precepts is beneficial,
advantageous, powerful‛. In enumerating them, the Exalted One expounds the usual Eight
Precepts from the
PÈÓÈtipÈtÈ sikkhÈpada
up to
UccÈsayana-MahÈsayana sikkhÈpada
, but
ends up with the formula for practice of loving-kindness thus: ‚
MettÈ
sahagatena cetasÈ
ekam disam pharitvÈ viharÈmi
—— I abide with thoughts of loving-kindness directed to
beings in one direction.‛
According to the discourse, to keep the
NavaÒga Uposatha SÊla
, after taking the usual
Eight Precepts, one keeps on developing Loving-kindness. A man who observes the Eight
Precepts without any breach and keeps on developing loving-kindness is called an observer
of the Nine Precepts. Loving-kindness is to be developed whereas
sÊla
is to be observed.
Therefore, to practise the Nine Precepts, one need not recite the nine precepts when taking
the vow. It is sufficient to take the usual Eight Precepts and to develop loving-kindness as
much as possible; then one is said to be practising the Nine Precepts (
NavaÒga
Uposatha
).
With regard to loving-kindness, as the Exalted One particularly mentioned ‘
ekaÑ disaÑ
’,
diffusing loving-kindness with one direction in mind is more effective than doing so
without minding the direction. One should direct one's thought to all beings in the ten
directions (the four cardinal points, the four intermediate points, plus above and below),
one after another, beginning from whichever direction one wishes.