THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1578
The answer is that the Commentary is here concerned mainly with the principle of
morality, which requires that all the five precepts must be observed permanently,
‚
niccasÊlavasena panca sikkhÈpadÈni
‛. We have no right to leave out any precept we wish.
It will be a guilt to break any one of the five precepts. It is not only in the Visuddhi-magga
but also in other texts that the Five Precepts is shown as
Nicca-sÊla
in the light of the
principle of morality.
Brahmacariya-PaÒcama SÊla
In addition to the Five, Eight and Ten Precepts, there is also
Brahmacariya-PaÒcama SÊla
observed by the laity. However, that
Brahmacariya-PaÒcama SÊla
is, in reality, the five
precepts. The third precept of the original five, ‚
KÈmesu micchÈ cÈrÈ veramani-
sikkhÈpadam samÈdiyÈmi
‛ is replaced by ‚
AbrahmacariyÈ veramani-sikkhÈpadam
samÈdiyÈmi
‛ to be
Brahmacariya-PaÒcama SÊla
.
The
Brahmacariya-PaÒcama SÊla
was observed at the time of Buddha Kassapa by Gavesi
UpÈsaka. (A~guttara NikÈya, PaÒcaka NipÈta, 3. UpÈsaka Vagga, 13. Gavesi Sutta.) At the
time of Buddha Gotama, this
sÊla
was observed by Ugga, the Banker of VesÈli and Ugga,
the Banker of HatthigÈma, Vajjian Country. (A~guttara NikÈya, Atthaka Nipata, 3.
Gahapati Vagga, 1 Sutta and 2 Sutta.) The two Uggas took the
Brahmacariya-PaÒcama SÊla
from the Exalted One and kept observing them; of the four wives they each possessed, the
eldest ones were given away in marriage to the men they loved and the remaining ones
were also abandoned likewise and thereafter they remained single for life; they were lay
‘Non-Returners’. It should not be misunderstood that married persons who want to observe
the
Brahmacariya-sÊla
at the present time have to abandon their wives with no more
attachment to them. In other words, it should not be taken that they may not observe this
sÊla
unless they are prepared to renounce their wives altogether. Because in the words of
the KhuddakapÈtha Commentary, mentioned above, ‚of the ten precepts only four, namely,
PÈÓÈtipÈtÈ, AdinnÈdÈna, MusÈvÈda
, and
SurÈmeraya
, are regarded as
nicca-sÊla‛
. Hence it
is evident that
Abrahmacariya sikkhÈpada
and the remaining precepts, such as
VikÈlabhojana,
etc. are not
nicca-sÊla
; they are
niyama-sÊla
to be observed occasionally.
Even though they cannot observe the precepts exactly like Ghatikara the Pot-Maker, they
can observe them as
niyama-sÊla
as far as possible. So also, with regard to
Brahmacariya-
PaÒcama SÊla,
the two Uggas, being ‘Non-Returners’, abandoned their wives without
anymore attachment, and observed the precepts for life. If other people can follow their
example and observe this precept, it is well and good; but if they cannot emulate them
fully, they should observe the precept only according to their ability.
Brahmacariya-PaÒcama Ekabhattika SÊla
Furthermore, there is yet
Brahmacariya-PaÒcama Ekabhattika SÊla
(or
Ekabhattika SÊla
).
Ekabhattika
means taking only one meal a day, in the morning. So, if lay people want to
observe this
sÊla
, they may, after making the vow of
Brahmacariya-PaÒcama
precepts, take
one more precept by saying: ‚
VikÈlabhojanÈ veramani-sikkhÈpadam samÈdiyÈmi
‛. Or, if
they wish to take the vow as a whole, they may do so by saying: ‚
Brahmacariya- PaÒcama
Ekabhattikasiliam samÈdiyÈmi
‛. This
sÊla
was observed by Dhammika Upasaka and
NandamatÈ UpÈsikÈ, etc. at the time of the Exalted One, according to the
Dhammika Sutta
of the
SuttanipÈta
Commentary. At the time of Buddha Kassapa, Gavesi UpÈsaka also
observed this
sÊla
; so did five hundred laymen. (A~guttara NikÈya, PanÒcaka NipÈta, 3.
UpÈsaka Vagga, 10. Gavesi Sutta.)
AÔÔhanga Uposatha SÊla
It may be questioned why, regarding the Five Precepts, the term ‘
paÒna
’ alone is used,
and, regarding the Ten Precepts, the term ‘
dÈsa
’ is used; whereas in describing the Eight
Precepts not only the term ‘
attha
’ but the additional term ‘
uposatha
’ is used?
The term ‘
Uposatha
’ has five meanings, namely,
(1) Recitation of
PÈtimokkha
,
(2) Proper name for persons or animals,