THE ANUD¢PAN¢
Thus, even
sÈmaÓeras
for whom the Ten Precepts are mandatory will not fall from their
novicehood in spite of the
JÈtar|pa sikkhÈpada
. It is clear, therefore, that of the ten
precepts, the last five are not so important as the first five for
semen eras
. Thus, it is not
proper to say and write very seriously exhorting strict observance of the
JÈtar|pa
sikkhÈpada
for the laity when it is not regarded as very important even for
sÈmaÓeras
.
It is accepted that both the Visuddhi-magga and the Khuddakapatha Commentary are
written by the Venerable MahÈ Buddhaghosa. As the two books are written by one and the
same author, the exposition should not be different. The passage from the Visuddhi-magga:
‚
upasakanamnicsÊlavasena paÒca sikkhÈpadÈni sati vÈ ussÈhe dasa
—— The Ten Precepts is
not
nicca-sÊla
for the laity; they are
niyama-sÊla
to be observed only when able‛ should
thus be noted to be in line with the KhuddakapÈtha and Itivuttaka Commentaries.
With respect to breach of precepts, the KhuddakapÈtha Commentary, after dealing with
matters concerning novices, states: ‚Whereas, in the case of the laity, after taking the vow
of the Five Precepts, if one of them is broken, only that one is broken; and if that one be
observed by taking a new vow, the five precepts are complete again.‛ But some teachers
(
apare
) maintain thus: ‚If the five precepts be taken separately, i.e. one after another,
breach of one will not cause the breach of the rest.‛ However, if they say, at the beginning
of taking precepts, ‚
PaÒca~ga samannÈgatam sÊlam samÈdiyÈmi
—— I vow to observe the
complete Five Precepts‛, then, if one of them is broken, all are broken; because the vow
was initially taken to keep the precepts together. As to the result of breach of precepts,
each breach will have its own consequences, not affecting others.
But some teachers rationalize this view by saying that after vowing to observe the
complete Five Precepts, if one of them is broken, all are not broken; others remain
unaffected. If we thus accept this rationalization, there will be no difference at all in their
views. In this connection, the Sikkhapada Vibha~ga of the Sammohavinodani states:
‚
Gahattha yam yam vitikkamanti, tam tadeva khandam hoti bhijjati, avasesam na
bhijjati, kasmÈ gahattha hi anibaddhasilÈ honti, yam yam sakkonti, tam tadeva
gopenti
.
After taking the precepts, if the lay men break one of them, only that one is broken; the
rest are not. Because for the laity there is no mandatory permanent precepts to observe
like novices. Of the five precepts, they may observe whichever they can; one, two or
three, but not necessarily all the five. We should not say that because they observe only
partially and not the complete Five Precepts it does not amount to observance of the
precepts and that they will not get any merit for it.‛
It should be noted thus that even though the laity cannot observe all five precepts but
only as many as possible, they will get merit and that their
sÊla
is genuine. In this
connection, the PatisambhidÈmagga Commentary comments on
Pariyanta PÈrisuddhi-sÊla
(this morality is described fully under morality in groups of fives). There are two kinds of
limit regarding
sÊla
, namely, the limit to the number of precepts observed and the limit to
the duration of observance. The laity may observe one precept, or two, three, four, five,
eight or ten precepts. But the trainees (
sikkhamÈna sÈmaÓera
and
sÈmaÓerÊ
) have to observe
the Ten Precepts in full. This is the limit to the number of precepts observed.
The essential meaning here is: If the laity take precepts numbering one, two, three, four,
five, eight or ten and observed them properly, his morality will become
SikkhÈpada
Pariyanta PÈrisuddhi-sÊla
, a pure one with the limit in number.
Therefore, although in practice one does not vow to take one, two, three or four, but all
five precepts, it is not mandatory to observe all of them. If they can observe only one
precept, they should observe that one. If they can observe two, they should observe those
two; and so on.
It may be questioned when the laity have the right to observe any number of precepts
they wish, why the Five Precepts alone are prescribed in the Visuddhi-magga thus:
‚
UpÈsakopÈsikÈnam niccasÊlavasena paÒnca sikkhÈpadÈni?
‛