THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1576
niyamavasena dasahi
—— the Five Precepts should be taken as
Nicca-sÊla
, the Ten Precepts
as
Niyama-sÊla
.
Niyama SÊla
In the Magadha Dictionary, verse 444, the meaning ‘Niyama SÊla’ is briefly shown thus:
‚The morality which must be observed forever is YÈma SÊla. The morality which is not
observed forever but only occasionally is called Niyama SÊla. The expression, ‘
YÈma-sÊla
’
and ‘
Niyama-sÊla
’, has its origin in Brahmanism. (Not harming, not speaking lies, not
stealing, not indulging in ignoble sexual act, not accepting alms-food–these five are
yÈma-
sÊla
which must be observed forever; purifying, being easily content, practising austerity,
reciting the Vedas, recollecting the BrahmÈ–these five are
niyama-sÊla
which should be
observed occasionally (Amarakosa BrÈhmaÓa Vagga, v. 49.)
According to the SaÑyutta PÈli and its Commentary, it is clear that even the people who
are supporting their families by right livelihood can observe the Ten Precepts. Hence the
view: ‚People should observe the Ten Precepts only when they can abandon their gold and
silver without clinging anymore, like GhaÔikÈra, the pot-maker‛ is not a right one; it is
merely an overstatement.
Moreover, of the ten duties of a king, mentioned in the MahÈhaÑsa JÈtaka of the AsÊti
NipÈta, the Commentary says that by the term ‘sÊla’ is meant both the Five and the Ten
Precepts. Therefore, it is evident that kings observe also the Ten Precepts as (one of) their
duties. If it is maintained that ‚the Ten Precepts should be observed only when they can be
observed forever‛, then kings who have chief queens, lesser queens and maids of honour
and a treasury filled with gold and silver would not be able to observe the Ten Precepts
because of the
Abrahmacariya
and
JÈtar|pa sikkhÈpadas
. Had it been impossible for kings
to observe, then the Commentator would not have included the Ten Precepts in his
comment on
sÊla
of the ten kingly duties. But the Commentator has definitely mentioned
them in his comment. Therefore, the Ten Precepts are not
Òicca-sÊla
; they are the morality
to be observed whenever one is able to do so.
Moreover, the KhuddakapÈÔha Commentary explains how the Eight Precepts are derived
from the ten
sikkhÈpadas
: ‚Of the ten precepts
9
, the first two,
PÈÓÈtipÈtÈ sikkhÈpada
and
AdinnÈdÈna sikkhÈpada
, are to be observed by the laity or
sÈmaÓeras
as
nicca sÊla
. (The
third precept,
Abrahmacariya sikkhÈpada
, is not mentioned as
nicca sÊla
for the laity. It is
the precept to be observed only when one is able to do so.) Again, out of the ten precepts,
the seventh one, namely,
NaccagÊta sikkhÈpada
and the eighth one, namely,
MÈlÈgandha
sikkhÈpada
merge as one factor, the last
sikkhÈpada
of
JÈtar|pa
is excluded.
In accordance with this Commentary also, those out of the ten precepts which the laity
should observe permanently are four, namely, refraining from killing, stealing, lies and
taking intoxicants. The laity cannot always observe
Abrahmacariya sikkhÈpada
. They are
also unable to observe permanently the precepts of
VikÈlabhojana, NiccagÊta
, etc. Thus it is
clear that all these ten precepts are
niyama
type of
sÊla
to be observed only when able.
Although it is mentioned in the KhuddakapÈÔha Commentary that
JÈtar|pa
sikkhÈpada
is
a special precept for
sÈmaÓeras
, breaking it will not entail falling from novicehood.
Because in the
MahÈkhandhaka
of the Vinaya MahÈvagga PÈli, although the Exalted One
laid down the ten
li~gas
(factors) which will make the novices fall from their novicehood,
only the first five from the Ten Precepts are included in the ten
li~gas
. The last five are not
include. Therefore, in spite of breaking one of these last five factors, the novices will not
fall from their novicehood; they are only guilty of breach of the rules which entail due
punishment. If they take the punishment imposed by their teachers in the form of carrying
sand, water, etc., they will become again good novices, duly absolved from guilt.
9. The Ten Precepts (
Dasa SikkhÈpada
): (1)
PÈnÈtipÈta
, (2)
AdinnÈdÈna
, (3)
Abrahmacariya
, (4)
MusavÈda
(5)
SurÈmeraya
, (6)
VikÈlabhojana
, (7)
Nacca gita vÈdita visuka-dassana
, (8)
MÈlÈgandha vilepana dhÈrana mandana vibb|sanatthÈna
, (9)
UcccÈsayana MahÈsayana
, and (10)
JÈtar|pa rajata patiggahana
.