THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1574
(d) The morality observed by the laity is called GahaÔÔha-sÊla.
With regard to GahaÔÔha SÊla, the Visuddhi-magga says:
Upasaka upÈsikÈnam niccasÊlavasena paÒcasikkhÈpadÈni sati vÈ ussÈhe
dasa upesatha~ga vasena atthÈti idam gahattha-sÊlam.
The Five Precepts as a permanent undertaking, the Ten Precepts when
possible and the Eight Precepts as a special observance on an Uposatha day,
come under GahaÔÔha SÊla which should be observed by male and female
followers.
There are different views on the meaning of the PÈli phrase: ‚
sati vÈ ussÈhe
—— when
possible‛ of the Visuddhi-magga.
Some teachers take the view that not only the Five Precepts but also the Ten Precepts are
to be observed as permanent undertaking. They wrongly apply to the Ten Precepts the
attribute of
nicca-sÊla
, a ‘permanent undertaking’ which is only meant for the Five
Precepts.
According to these teachers, ‚To observe the Five Precepts, it is not necessary to consider
whether a person has the ability; he should observe the Five Precepts forever. Regarding
the Ten Precepts, even though it is urged that the Ten Precepts should be observed as a
permanent undertaking, only persons with the ability should observe them. The ‘ability’
means the ability to abandon his treasure of gold and silver with no more attachment to it;
giving up his possessions in this manner, he should observe the Ten Precepts for the whole
of his life, not just for some days and months only’. If his intention is to avoid handing
gold and silver during the period of observance only and to use them again afterwards,
then he should not observe them at all.
Again, some people erroneously think and say: ‚It is difficult for people to abandon their
own possessions of gold and silver; therefore, laymen are not fit to observe the Ten
Precepts.‛ Also, according to the Visuddhi-magga MahÈtika, the term ‘
dÈsa
’ (ten), should
be taken as the Ten Precepts of
sÈmaÓeras
. It is commented further that
sÊla
here is meant
to be like the
sÊla
observed by GhatikÈra the pot-maker and others. This commentarial
statement makes for more confusion in the already mistaken view of these people. They
take the extreme view that it is not enough for people to merely refrain from acquiring and
accepting new wealth; they should be able to abandon all that they have already possessed
just as Gha Tikara of the GhatikÈra Sutta
(
RÈjavagga, MajjhimapaÓÓÈsa
)
refrained from
using gold and silver for his whole life. And only when they are like GhatikÈra in this
respect, they can be fully established in the Ten Precepts. Thus they have made an
overstatement.
To clarify:
Their view is that only when a person can ‚abandon his treasure of gold and silver with
no more attachment to it‛, he should observe the Ten Precepts. It is mistaken as it arises
with reference to
JÈtar|pa sikkhÈpada
of the Ten Precepts. According to this interpretation,
only when people can abandon all the wealth they possess, without clinging any more, they
will be fully established in the precepts. GhatikÈra is an
anÈgÈmin
(a Non-Returner), who
has already abandoned all his wealth without clinging any more. Nowadays, although the
laity do not acquire fresh wealth on the day of observance of the Ten Precepts, they have
stored up at home and elsewhere all the wealth they have made previously and so it is
against the
jÈtar|pa sikkhÈpada
. Hence, they should not observe the Ten Precepts unless
they abandon all their wealth with no more attachment. Even if they take the Ten Precepts,
they fail to keep them.
The interpretation of these teachers is not sustainable, because there is for
bhikkhus
,
rupiyasikkhapada
, concerning handling and possession of money which is more subtle and
nobler than the
jÈtar|pa sikkhapada
of the laity. According to that
sikkhÈpada
, a
bhikkhu
should not accept money nor let others do so for him; if it is left near him in the absence of
someone to receive it, he should not remain complacent but raise his objection saying:
‚Gold and silver is not allowable for
bhikkhus
; we do not want to accept it.‛ If he does not