THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1568
be able to observe even the Five Precepts, not to speak of the higher practices such
as the Eight Precepts.
The group of moral precepts other than the said
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
is classified as
AbhisamÈcÈrika-sÊla
, precepts which promote good conduct. Even the Five
Precepts are to be considered as superior to the
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
.
It may be questioned: ‘How could the Five Precepts, which have only one restraint
(i.e. not to speak lies) out of the four verbal restraints, be superior to the
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
which requires the observance of all the four verbal restraints
(lying, gossiping, using abusive language and engaging in frivolous talks)?’
The answer lies in the fact that of the four verbal restraints, lying forms the basis
of breach of all the verbal restraints. The Buddha teaches that for one who commits
falsehood, there is no misdeed which he is not liable to perpetuate; and one who
can abstain from lying can easily observe the remaining precepts.
How could one, who does not speak lies, engage himself in slandering, abusing and
frivolous talks? This explains why only the restraint of falsehood is included as the
main verbal restraint in the Five Precepts. Question arises, therefore, that the
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
is superior to the Five Precepts.
Again, it may be asked: ‘Since the precept to refrain from wrong livelihood, which
does not feature in the Five Precepts, forms the Eighth Precept of the
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
, surely it should be deemed superior to the Five Precepts.’
The answer in brief to this question is: For one who observes the Five Precepts, no
special effort is needed to refrain from wrong livelihood. After all, wrong
livelihood means earning one's living through wrong means of killing, stealing and
lying. By observing the Five Precepts meticulously, one is automatically avoiding
the misdeeds of killing. stealing and lying. Thus, the precept to refrain from wrong
livelihood as an additional observance in the
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
does not justify
the claim of its superiority over the Five Precepts. What has been discussed above
applies only to lay devotees.
For members of the Sangha, the rules of discipline laid down by the Buddha for them as
expounded in the Vinaya PiÔaka are known as SikkhÈpadas. The offences, for which
penalties are imposed, may be classified under seven categories depending on their nature:
(i) PÈrÈjika, (ii) SanghÈdisesa, (iii) Thullaccaya, (iv) PÈcittiya,
(v) Patidesaniya, (vi) Dukkata,
vii) DubbhÈsita.
An offence in the first category of offences (
PÈrÈjika
), and one in the second category
(
SanghÈdisesa
), are classified as grave offences (
GarukÈpatti
).
The remaining five categories which consist of light offences are called ‘LahukÈpatti’.
The group of moral precepts observed by bhikkhus so that there is no breach of lesser
and minor offences classified under
lahukÈpatti
is known as
AbhisamÈcÈrika-sÊla
; that
observed by them to avoid transgression of grave offences (
garukÈpatti
), is known as
Œdibrahmacariyaka-sÊla
.
Of the five volumes of the Vinaya PiÔaka, PÈrÈjika PÈli and PÈcittiya PÈli, also known as
Ubhato Vibhanga deal with codes of morality which belong to
Adibrahmacariya
category
of
sÊla
; MahÈ Vagga PÈli and C|la Vagga PÈli which are collectively termed Khandhaka
Vagga describe the group of morality which has been classified
AbhisamÈcÈrika-sÊla
. (The
last volume, ParivÈra, gives a summary and classification of the rules in the four previous
volumes).
(Bhikkhus become accomplished in
Œdibrahmacariyaka-sÊla
only after completing
observance of
AbhisamÈcÈrika-sÊla
. When a bhikkhu meticulously avoids
transgression of even a minor fault, a light offence, it goes without saying that he
will take the greatest care not to be guilty of grave offences).