THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1566
which include all forms of virtuous acts other than those classed as a set of eight
precepts with right livelihood as the eighth, ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla. All forms of moral
practices which are taught for fulfilment of the Path and the Fruition come under this
classification.
Since it forms the beginning of the life of purity consisting in the Path, the set of eight
precepts consisting of the practices of the right livelihood. (ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla is also
termed Œdibrahmacariyaka-sÊla.
Precepts with right livelihood as the eighth,
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla,
include three moral
physical actions: abstaining from killing, from stealing, from indulging in wrongful sexual
intercourse; four moral verbal actions: abstaining from lying, from malicious speech, from
using harsh and abusive words, from frivolous talks; and finally abstaining from wrong
livelihood.
The Visuddhi-magga states that the
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
may also be termed
Œdibrahmacariyaka-sÊla
as it includes precepts which are to be fulfilled in the initial stage
of developing the Noble Path.
This Commentary statement is likely to be misinterpreted by some as to mean that
only
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
is the precept which should be observed first for the
attainment of the Path. There have even appeared some groups which maintained
that the Five Precepts, the Eight Precepts and the Ten Precepts, which are generally
observed at present, are not the initial precepts which should be observed for the
attainment of the Path.
On the other hand, there are some people who say that they have not even heard of
this strange code of morality called
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
; it could not have been
taught by the Buddha; it may be a later accretion of no particular worth.
As a matter of fact,
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
is certainly the precept taught by the
Buddha himself. The Visuddhi-magga quoted the Uparipannasa PÈli (5
Vagga
, 7
Sutta
): ‚
TenÈha pubbeva kho panassa kÈyakammam vacikammam Èjivo
suparisuddho hoti ti
‛ to show that the Buddha taught the
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
, the
set of precepts with right livelihood as the eighth.
The Buddha made His appearance in the world at a time when it was enveloped in
the dark mass of evil forces. People were depraved, bereft of morality, steeped as
they were in evil thoughts, words and deeds. When the Buddha wanted to inculcate
in those wild, debased beings a sense of gentle civility through practice of
morality, He had to select a moral code from amongst various sets of precepts
which would best suit their coarse minds. He thus taught them at the initial stages
the
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
. When the grosser forms of evil had been removed from the
habits of the untamed beings by teaching them the
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
, the Buddha
no longer made use of it; instead he taught the Five Precepts and the Eight Precepts
in his further civilizing endeavours.
Having thus been set aside by the Buddha when a certain stage of moral
purification has been reached by the people, successive teachers from the time of
the Buddha till the present time have not given much attention to the
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
; lay people also have not made special effort to observe it
(because
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
was originally meant for people of debased morality
only).
A question arises here: Since
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
forms the initial practice for the
Path and since it had been used at the time when the Buddha first appeared, would
it not be even more suitable to observe it at the present time?
The term ‘initial practice for the Path’ is applicable only when the
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-
sÊla
is observed by those who have no code of morality whatever at the start to
serve as the precept for the Path. Those who have only recently given up wrong
views and begun to embrace Buddhism should no doubt start to purify themselves
by observing this
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
but when they have become well established
in the Buddhist belief after being well trained in the
SÊla
, it should no longer be