THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1564
prohibits
bhikkhus
from indulgence in sexual intercourse, from stealing, from killing and
from falsely claiming attainments to
magga
and
phala
Insight) is observance of
vÈritta-sÊla
through avoidance.
Some people casually misinterpret these disciplinary rules saying that
cÈritta-sÊla
is the
precept which would lead to no offence if it is not fulfilled, but its observance contributes
to purifying one's morality. In interpreting thus they make no distinction between
bhikkhus
and lay men.
Actually, the Buddha has laid down definite disciplinary rules concerning duties to be
performed by a pupil towards his preceptor or teacher. Any co-resident pupil, who fails to
abide by these rules, not only fails to fulfil the
cÈritta-sÊla
but is also guilty of breaking the
disciplinary rules concerning performance of duties (
vatta bhedaka dukkata Èpatti
).
Thus, for bhikkhus, it cannot be said that non-fulfilment of
cÈritta-sÊla
would lead to no
offence; for them,
cÈritta-sÊla
is the mandatory observance of the precepts laid down by the
Buddha.
As for lay person, it may be said that avoidance of wrong deeds, which would definitely
give rise to rebirths in lower planes of existence, falls under the category of
cÈritta-sÊla
. On
the other hand, abstinence from wrong deeds, which may or may not result in such rebirths,
varitta,
showing reverence to the aged, should be classified as
cÈritta-sÊla
.
For example, there are five precepts to be observed by lay men: abstinence from killing,
stealing, sexual misconduct, lying and taking intoxicants. Indulgence in these deeds, instead
of avoiding them, leads definitely to lower planes of existence. Therefore, abstaining from
these five wrong deeds which will certainly result in such rebirths constitutes
vÈritta-sÊla
.
A lay person can also observe the eight precepts which are the avoidance of killing,
stealing, lying and taking intoxicants, (these four precepts, falling under the category of
vÈritta-sÊla
and the additional four precepts of total sexual abstinence, abstaining from
eating in the afternoon, abstaining from dancing, singing, playing music, and enjoying to
them, and abstaining from using high and luxurious beds.
Actions included in these four additional precepts do not necessarily lead to the lower
planes of existence. Lay noble persons, such as ‘Stream Winners’ (
SotÈpanna
), ‘Once
Returners’ (
SakadÈgÈmin
), enjoy lawful sexual relations with their own spouses, eat in the
afternoon, dance, sing, etc. and sleep on high and luxurious beds. But, since they do so with
mind unassociated with wrong view (
diÔÔhi-vippayutta citta
), their action will not result in
rebirths in the lower planes of existence.
But an ordinary worldling may do these acts with mind either accompanied by wrong
view (
diÔÔhi-sampayutta
) or unaccompanied by wrong view (
diÔÔhi-vippayutta
). These
actions may or may not lead to rebirths in the lower plane of existence. Therefore, the four
precepts, namely, total sexual abstinence, abstaining from eating in the afternoon,
abstaining from dancing, singing, playing music, etc. and abstaining from using high and
luxurious beds should be called
CÈritta-sÊla
.
When a person, who has taken refuge in the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Sangha
,
observes the Five Precepts with meticulous care, he would be a lay disciple of the Buddha,
an
upÈsaka
. If he makes further efforts to observe the Eight Precepts, it is for the purpose
of practising holy life at a higher level of endeavour. But, the Buddha has not said that the
observance of the Eight Precepts will save one from the lower destinations and that
observance of the Five Precepts alone is not enough to secure safety from the danger of
falling into the lower planes of existence.
In this sense, therefore, the four additional observances included in the Eight Precepts
should be considered to belong to the category of
CÈritta-sÊla
. For bhikkhus, however, the
Buddha has strictly forbidden them from indulging in these four acts; hence, for
bhikkhus
,
avoidance of these acts constitutes definitely
VÈritta-sÊla
.
Note for Special Consideration
A cursory reading of the above distinction between
CÈritta-sÊla
and
VÈritta-sÊla
or a
superficial consideration of the fact of indulgence by noble disciples such as VisÈkhÈ in