THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1562
consciousness.
Out of these discussions may arise the following questions:
(1) If both morality (
sÊla
) and concentration (
samÈdhi
) are orientating, how do they differ
in their functions?
SÊla
promotes calm and peace by keeping physical and verbal actions
under proper control; whereas concentration prevents the mind and mental factors that are
associated with it from distraction by directing them to converge on a single object. In this
manner, morality differs from concentration in its function of orientating.
(2) If both Morality and the Element of Solidity (
pathavÊ
) are ‘upholding’, what is the
difference in their functions? Morality is the fundamental cause of the arising of the four
classes of moral consciousness; hence it is said to serve as the foundation for the arising of
the moral consciousness pertaining to the sensuous world, the moral consciousness
pertaining to the material world, the moral consciousness pertaining to the immaterial
world and the supra-mundane consciousness.
Just as a royal wet-nurse holds the infant prince in her arms to keep him from crawling
all over the royal chamber, so also the Element of Solidity holds together other elements
that arise along with it, preventing them from dispersing and scattering in all directions. In
this manner, Morality and the Element of Solidity differ in their respective functions of
upholding and facilitating. (Visuddhi-magga Sub-commentary
-
Chapter on Morality).
The Visuddhi-magga mentions only two grammatical meanings as explained above. But
there are different views expressed by other teachers. According to them, the PÈli word,
‘
sÊla
’, for morality, is derived from the words, ‘
sira
’ or ‘
sisa
’, both meaning ‘head’. When
the head is cut off, the whole body of a being is destroyed; so also when morality is ruined,
all forms of meritoriousness come to ruins. Thus morality is like the head of the body of
meritoriousness and termed ‘
sÊla
’, a derivative of ‘
sira
’ or ‘
sisa
’ by replacing the letter 'r'
or 's' with 'l'.
But the author opines that this alternative view is far-fetched since it draws only upon the
similarity of the sounds produced by uttering the words ‘
sira
’, ‘
sisa
’ and ‘
sÊla
’ and does
not deal with the intrinsic meaning of the word
sÊla
as defined in the AbhidhÈnappadÊpikÈ
verse no. 1092.
He concludes that morality is called
sÊla
because, according to the AbhidhÈnappadÊpikÈ, it
conveys two meanings of (1) natural characteristic, and (2) good practice.
Although natural characteristic may mean both good and bad ones, as explained above,
since we are dealing with the habit and practices of ancient sages or of future Buddhas,
Arahats, etc. we should take that
sÊla
refers only to good aspects. For instance, although
dhamma
may be meritorious or demeritorious when we say: ‘I take refuge in the
Dhamma,’ the
dhamma
here can only be the meritorious
dhamma
. So also, although
sangha
means ‘a group’, ‘an assemblage’ in such words as ‘
manussa-sangha
—— a group of people’,
‘
sakuna-sangha
—— a flock of birds’, when we say: ‚I take refuge in the Sangha
‛
, it implies
only the Order of Bhikkhus.
Considering in this manner,
sÊla
should also be taken in the sense of the
AbhidhÈnappadÊpikÈ definition of ‘natural characteristic’. Thus, it should be stated that it is
called Morality because it is the natural characteristic of ancient sages, future Buddhas,
arahats
, etc.
3. WHAT ARE ITS CHARACTERISTIC, FUNCTION, ETC.?
Morality has the characteristic of controlling one's physical and verbal actions and
orientating them towards right direction; it also serves as a basis or foundation of all
meritoriousness.
Its function is to prevent one from becoming immoral through uncontrolled physical and
verbal actions. It helps one to remain spotless in conduct, free from blame by the wise.
Morality is manifested as purity in thought, word and deed. When the wise reflect on the
nature of morality, they come to realise that it is the purity of physical action, the purity of