THE ANUD¢PAN¢
natural character, behaviour or habit. We find it used in this sense in such expression as
‘
pÈpakarana-silo
—— one who is in the habit of doing evil’; ‘
dubbhÈsana-silo
—— one who is
in the habit of speaking evil’; ‘
abhivÈdana-silo
—— one who is in the habit of showing
reverence to those worthy of homage’; ‘
dhammakathana-silo
—— one who is in the habit of
teaching the doctrines’. It is also employed to describe natural phenomena: ‘
vassÈna-
samaye rukkha ruhana-sÊla
—— trees usually grow during the rainy season’; ‘
gimhasamaye
patta patana-sÊla
—— leaves usually fall in summer’. In this first sense,
sÊla
is employed to
describe the habits of both moral and immoral persons; and also natural events which are
outside the domain of moral, good or bad.
Secondly, it has the meaning of good practice which implies only that practice which is
noble, moral, ethical. This is the sense employed in this chapter on the ‘Perfection of
Morality’. And in this sense also, there are two meanings, namely, (a) orientating and (b)
upholding.
(a) ‘Orientating’ means controlling one's physical and verbal actions and steering them
towards the right direction so that they do not get out of hand. In a person, who does not
observe the precepts, physical and verbal actions take place in a haphazard manner, like
loose yarn, not properly wound in a roll, is uncontrolled and undirected. But a person, who
observes the precepts, watches closely over his physical and verbal actions to see that they
take place in an orderly manner under his proper control. Even a person of ill-humour, who
is easily irritated and loses temper at the slightest provocation, can manage to keep his
physical and verbal actions under control when he is observing the precepts.
(b)
SÊla
is ‘upholding’ because no act of merit can be accomplished without
accompaniment of moral virtue. Meritorious acts can arise only in persons of morality;
thus
sÊla
serves as the basis or foundation of all acts of meritoriousness; it facilitates the
arising of meritoriousness through performance of meritorious deeds that would lead to
rebirths in the four planes of existence (
catubh|maka
), viz. the sensuous world, the fine
material world, the non-material world and the supra-mundane states.
In this chapter on the Perfection of Morality, it is mentioned that the hermit
Sumedha, having received the definite prophecy that he would become a Perfectly
Self-Enlightened One, admonished himself to establish first in the Perfection of
Alms-giving. But this does not imply that he should practise generosity first
without observance of precepts. In his investigation of the Buddha-making factors,
by the exercise of Perfection Investigating Wisdom (
PÈramÊ pavicaya ÒÈÓa
), it was
the Perfection of Alms-giving that appeared first in his mind's eye, followed, in
succession, by Perfection of Morality, Perfection of Renunciation, etc. The order
of Perfection given in the Text is the order in which they appeared in the mind's
eye of Hermit Sumedha. It was not possible for him to discern all the ten
pÈramÊs
simultaneously; they were investigated one after another and were mentioned
accordingly. The first Perfection reviewed happened to be the Perfection of Alms-
giving; hence it heads the list of the
pÈramÊs,
but this does not mean that the order
in the list is the order in which
pÈramÊs
are to be fulfilled.
In actual practice, an act of giving is pure only when the donor is established in
morality; alms-giving is made more fruitful when it is preceded by observance of
precepts. That is the reason why when bhikkhus are invited by lay people to accept
robes and other gifts, they see to it that the lay people are first established in the
precepts (even though taking of precepts is not mentioned when making the
invitation).
Thus to the question ‚Why is it called SÊla?‛ The plain, clear-cut answer is: It is
called
SÊla
because (1) it does not permit physical and verbal actions to take place
in a violent, disorderly manner; it controls and directs them to become quiet and
gentle, (2) it serves as a foundation for the arising, by stages, of four classes of
moral consciousness, namely, the moral consciousness pertaining to the sensuous
world, the moral consciousness pertaining to the material world, the moral
consciousness pertaining to the non-material world and the supra-mundane