THE ANUD¢PAN¢
virtuous, then the
dÈna
is pure because of the recipient and will bring great benefits.)
(3) A gift not made pure either by the donor or the recipient. (When the donor of no moral
virtue makes an offering of ill-gotten wealth to an immoral recipient with no pure,
good volition before, during and after the act of offering and without faith in the law
of cause and effect, the
dÈna
will bring no great beneficial result, just as a poor seed
planted on poor soil will not grow properly to produce good crops.)
(4) A gift made pure both by the donor and the recipient. (When the donor of moral virtue
makes an offering of what has been acquired legitimately and equitably, with pure and
good volition before, during and after the act of offering to a morally virtuous
recipient, the
dÈna
will bring great beneficial result, just as a good seed planted in
good soil produces good crops.)
The third type, of course, is not concerned with purity at all, but it is mentioned to
include all the cases involved. To summarise all that we have considered, there are five
elements that strengthen the beneficial results of dÈna:
(1) The donor observes the precepts and is of good moral conduct.
(2) The recipient is also morally virtuous.
(3) The materials offered have been acquired justly and rightly.
(4) The offering is made with happiness before, with pure satisfaction and delight during
and with rejoicing after making the offer.
(5) The donor has complete faith in the law of cause and effect.
These five elements should accompany the
dÈna
so that it will be of greatest purity and
benefit; when they are lacking when offerings are made, to that extent will the
dÈna
be
deficient in beneficial results.
Some Remarks on 'SaddhÈ'
It is important to understand clearly the complete meaning of the fifth element, namely,
‘faith in the law of cause and effect’. Here, faith is the rendering into Myanman of the PÈli
word ‘
saddhÈ
’. Grammatically it would mean ‘that which holds and keeps well’.
Just as clear water in which all sediment and impurities have settled down to the bottom
can hold the image of the moon, of the sun and keep it well, so also faith, which is devoid
of mental defilements, can firmly hold the virtues and attributes of the Buddha (to serve as
object for contemplation).
To give another illustration, if a man is not equipped with hands, he would not be able to
help himself to jewels lying about him although he sees them. If he does not possess
wealth, he would not be able to provide himself with a variety of goods and materials.
Without seeds, there would be no crops nor grains. Similarly, without faith, we cannot
acquire the jewels of generosity, morality and development of concentration and insight;
(and there can be no enjoyment of the pleasures of the human or deva-world or the bliss of
NibbÈna). Hence, the Buddha in His Teaching compared faith to possessing hands, wealth
or seeds.
In the MilindapaÒha PÈli and AtthasÈlinÊ Commentary, faith is compared to the crown
jewel, ruby, of a Universal Monarch, which has the property of instantly purifying and
clearing the water into which it is put, no matter how dirty the water is. In a similar
manner, faith dispels instantly all that is defiling the mind and make it pure and clear at
once. If the mind is filled with faith, there is no room in it for defilements, such as grief,
worry, etc.
How difficult it is to keep the mind steadfastly contemplating on the attributes of the
Buddha is within the experience of all good Buddhists. In other words, it is not a simple
matter to keep the mind filled with only faith devoid of all defilements. But with practice,
one can maintain a pure, clear mind through faith for short periods until, with steadfast
effort, one can do so continuously for long periods.