THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1554
Causing the gift which has been intended by the donor for a certain group of the Sangha:-
(1) to be given to another group of the Sangha,
(2) to be given to a shrine,
(3) to be given to an individual,
Causing the gift which has been intended by the donor for a certain shrine:-
(4) to be given to another shrine,
(5) to be given to the Sangha,
(6) to be given to an individual,
Causing the gift which has been intended by the donor for a certain individual:-
(7) to be given to another individual.
(8) to be given to the Sangha, and
(9) to be given to a shrine.
Here the gift which has been intended by the donor means the four requisites of robes,
food, dwelling place and medicines and other small items of necessities which the donor
has already committed verbally to give to the Sangha, or a shrine, or an individual.
The story of why the Buddha taught these nine types of Adhammika-dÈna is given
in the PÈrajika kaÓÉa and PÈcittiya PÈli Texts of the Vinaya PiÔaka.
Once the Buddha was residing at the Jetavana Monastery in SÈvatthi. Then a certain
group of people decided to make offerings of food and robes to the Sangha. Accordingly,
they made necessary preparations and had the robes and food ready for the offering. A
group of immoral
bhikkhus
went to the would-be donors and forcibly urged them to make
the offering of robes to them instead. Being thus forced to give away the robes to the
immoral
bhikkhus
, the people had only food left to offer to the Sangha. Hearing of this, the
modest
bhikkhus
denounced the immoral
bhikkhus
and reported what had happened to the
Buddha. It was then that the Buddha laid down the rule: ‚Whoever
bhikkhu
should
knowingly appropriate for himself the gift which has been declared to be intended for the
Sangha, there is an offence of expiation involving forfeiture (
Nissaggiya PÈcittiya Œpatti
).‛
In the explication that accompanies the rule, the Buddha explains: ‚If the gift already
committed by word of mouth to be given to the Sangha is appropriated for oneself, there is
the offence of expiation involving forfeiture (
Nissaggiya PÈcittiya Œpatti
); if it is caused to
be given to the Sangha other than the intended one or to a shrine, there is an offence of
Dukkata Œpatti
. Knowing the gift is intended for a certain shrine, if it is made to be given
to another shrine or to the Sangha or to an individual, there is an offence of
DukkaÔa
Œpatti
. Knowing the gift is intended to be given to a certain individual, if it is caused to be
given to another individual, or to the Sangha, or to a shrine, there is an offence of
Dukkata
Œpatti
.‛
The above story is given to illustrate how one's well intentioned deed of merit could
become vitiated through intervention and interference of undesirable intermediaries and
how, due to their intervention, it could be turned into an
adhammika-dÈna
. The Buddha
also explained the nine unrighteous acceptances (
adhammika paÔiggaha
) of the nine
adhammika-dÈna
and the nine righteous uses (
adhammika paribhoga
) of righteously
offered requisites.
It should be noted, however, that not every transfer of gifts from the recipient originally
intended by the donor to another results in an
adhammika-dÈna
. The donor himself may
change his original intention for some good reason or may be persuaded by a well-wisher
to transfer the gift for acquiring more merit.
An illustration of such transfer of gifts is found in the story of MahÈ PajÈpati who had
made a new robe intending it to be offered to the Buddha. The Buddha advised her to offer
the robe to the Sangha instead. If it were an offence, the Buddha would not have given the
advice. As a matter of fact, the Buddha knew that MahÈ PajÈpati would gain much greater
merit by offering the robe to the Sangha headed by Himself.