THE ANUD¢PAN¢
medicinal preparations in a proper manner is not demeritorious. We should take it,
therefore, that it is for such purposes that King Vessantara included intoxicants as materials
for offering in his great
dÈna
.
Five Kinds of 'Great Gifts' (MahÈ-DÈna)
In the ninth Sutta of the fourth Vagga of the AÔÔhaka NipÈta,
Aniguttara NikÈya
,
are
given comprehensive expositions of the Five Precepts beginning with the words:
‚
PaÒcimÈni bhikkhave dinÈni mahÈdÈnÈni
,‛ describing the Five Precepts as the Five Kinds
of Great Gifts (
MahÈ-dÈna
). But it should not be wrongly understood that
sÊla
is
dÈna
just
because the Five Precepts are described as the Five Great DÈna in the Text mentioned
above. The Buddha does not mean to say that
sÊla
is not different from
dÈna
or the two are
exactly the same.
SÊla
is proper restraint of one's physical and verbal actions and
dÈna
is
offering of a gift, and the two should not be taken as identical.
When a virtuous person observes the precept of non-killing and abstains from taking life
of other beings, that virtuous person is actually giving them the gift of harmlessness
(
abhaya-dÈna
). The same consideration applies to the remaining precepts. Thus, when all
the Five Precepts are well observed by a moral person, he is, by his restraint, offering all
beings gifts of freedom from harm, from danger, from worries, from anxiety, etc. It is in
this sense that the Buddha teaches here that observance of the Five Precepts constitutes
offering of the Five Great Gifts (
MahÈ-dÈna
).
Types of DÈna in Groups of Sixes
Just as the Texts do not mention any list of gifts in groups of Fours as such, so there is
no direct mention of types of gifts in groups of six in the Texts. But the AtthasÈlinÈ, the
Commentary to Dhammasangani, the first volume of Abhidhamma, gives an exposition of
six types of gifts in which the six sense objects provide materials for offerings, viz. the gift
of colour, of sound, of odour, of taste, of objects of touch, and of mind-objects.
Types of DÈna in Groups of Sevens
Similarly, there is no mention of types of
dÈna
in groups of sevens as such; but the seven
kinds of Sa~ghika-dÈna, described above under the heading ‘Types of gifts in pairs’, sub-
heading ‘Gifts to the Sangha’ may be taken to represent this type of
dÈna
.
Types of DÈna in Groups of Eights
(A) The Buddha teaches the group of eight
dÈna
in the first Sutta of the Fourth Vagga,
AÔÔhaka NipÈta
,
A~guttara NikÈya. The Eight dÈnas are:
(1)
DÈna
made without delay, without hesitation, as soon as the recipient arrives.
(2)
DÈna
made through fear of censure or of being reborn in the realms of misery and
suffering.
(3)
DÈna
made because the recipient had in the past given him gifts.
(4)
DÈna
made with the intention that the recipient of the offering will make a return
offering in future.
(5)
DÈna
made with the thought that making a gift is a good deed.
(6)
DÈna
made with the thought: ‚I am a householder who prepares and cooks food to eat;
it would not be proper if I partake of the food without making offerings to those who
are not allowed (by their disciplinary rules, i.e. Buddhist monks) to prepare and cook
their own food?‛
(7)
DÈna
made with the thought: ‚The gift I am offering will bring me a good reputation
which will spread far and wide.‛
(8)
DÈna
made with the idea that it will serve as an instrument to help one attain
concentration when one fails to achieve it while practising Concentration and Insight
Meditation.
Of the eight kinds of
dÈna
, the last one is the best and the noblest. The reason is that this