THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1550
the eighth sutta of the above Text).
The opposites of these five kinds of
DÈna
are not mentioned in the Texts; but it may be
assumed that the five corresponding dÈna made by men of no virtues would be as follows:
(1)
DÈna
made without believing in the law of cause and effect (asaddhiya-dÈna), just to
imitate others'
dÈna
or to escape from being censured or reviled. (Such
dÈna
will
produce wealth and riches for the donor but he will not be bestowed with fine
appearance.)
(2)
DÈna
made without seeing carefully that the gift to be offered is properly prepared,
fresh, wholesome and clean (asakacca-dÈna). (Wealth and riches will accrue from such
dÈnas
, but the donor will not receive obedience and discipline from his sub-ordinates.)
(3)
DÈna
made at inappropriate time (akÈla-dÈna). (It will produce wealth but its beneficial
results will not be in great abundance and will not come at the time needed.)
(4)
DÈna
made perfunctorily (ananuggaha-dÈna) without intention of assisting or doing
honour to the recipient. (One may reap riches and wealth out of such deeds, but he will
not be disposed to enjoy his wealth or he may be denied the occasion to enjoy them.)
(5)
DÈna
made in such a way that it will affect, in some way, one's dignity or the dignity
of others (upaghÈta-dÈna). (Wealth and riches may accrue from such
dÈnas
but they
will be subject to damage or destruction by the five enemies.)
In view of the Kala-dÈna and AkÈla-dÈna types of offering mentioned above, i.e.
offerings made at appropriate or inappropriate times, it should be well noted that it is
improper to make offerings, even with the best of intentions, of light to the Buddha during
the day when there is light, or of food when it is afternoon.
Five Kinds of Immoral Gifts
The ParivÈra (Vinaya PiÔaka) mentions five kinds of giving which are commonly and
conventionally called by people as acts of merit, but which are nothing but harmful,
demeritorious forms of offering.
They are:
(1) Gift of intoxicants (majja-dÈna).
(2) Holding of festivals (samajja-dÈna).
(3) Provision of prostitutes for sexual enjoyment of those who wish to do so (itthi-dÈna).
(4) Dispatch of bulls into a herd of cows for mating (usabha-dÈna).
(5) Drawing and offering of pornographic pictures (cittakamma-dÈna).
The Buddha described these forms of offering as immoral, demeritorious gifts because
they cannot be accompanied by good intentions, wholesome volitions. Some people think
that by providing opium to an addicted person, who is nearing death because of the
withdrawal of the drug, they are doing a meritorious deed of life-giving (
jivita-dana
). As a
matter of fact, this does not constitute an act of merit, because it is unwholesome
consciousness that motivates one to offer opium which is not suitable for consumption. The
same consideration holds good in the case of offering of intoxicants.
The Commentary to the JÈtaka mentions the inclusion of intoxicating drinks in the display
of materials to be given away by the Bodhisatta King Vessantara as a great offering,
mahÈ-
dÈna
.
Some people try to explain this inclusion of intoxicants as materials for offering by the
King Vessantara by saying that the King had no intention of providing liquor to the
drunkards; that it is only the volition that determines the merits of an offering; that King
Vessantara did not want anyone to drink the intoxicants; there is no wrong intention
involved. He merely wanted to avoid being criticised by those who would say that the
King's great
dÈna
has no offerings of intoxicants.
(But such rationalization is untenable.) Great persons, like King Vessantara, do not worry
about criticism levelled at them by others, especially when the criticism is unjustified. The
fact of the matter is that it is only in drinking that the guilt lies; using it as a lotion or for