THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1548
his own initiative, without anyone to compete and, therefore, there is no need to classify
them as Sadisa or Asadisa type of
dÈna
. Passenadi Kosala's gifts were made in competition
with those of the citizens (of Savatthi ) and are, therefore, termed ‘Asadisa-dÈna’, the
Matchless gift.
All other gifts of ordinary nature which are neither difficult to make nor of great
magnitude are just common gifts, SÈmaÒÒa-dÈna.
In addition to these, there is another classification of three Dhamma-dÈnas described in
the Vinaya ParivÈra Texts and its commentary, viz.:
(1) Giving to the Sangha gifts which were verbally declared to be offered to the Sangha,
(2) Giving to the Pagoda gifts which were verbally declared to be offered to the Pagoda,
and
(3) Giving to the individual gifts which were verbally declared to be offered to the
individual.
These are called Dhammika-dÈna, gifts offered in connection with the Dhamma. (Further
details of these types of gifts will be found below in accordance with the nine gifts of
Adhammika-dÈna).
Type of DÈna in Groups of Fours
The texts do not mention any type of gifts by fours. But Vinaya lists four kinds of
requisites which may be offered as gifts. They are:
(1) Gift of robe or robe-materials (civara-dÈna).
(2) Gift of alms food (pindapÈta-dÈna).
(3) Gift of dwelling places (senÈsana-dÈna).
(4) Gift of medicinal materials (bhesajja-dÈna).
Gifts may also be classified into four types depending on the purity of the donor and the
receiver, viz:
(1)
DÈna
whose donor has morality but the recipient has not.
(2)
DÈna
whose recipient has morality but the donor has not.
(3)
DÈna
whose both the donor and the recipient are immoral.
(4)
DÈna
whose both the recipient and the donor have morality.
Type of DÈna in Groups of Fives
The KÈladÈna Sutta in the Sumana Vagga, PaÒcaka NipÈta
,
A~guttara NikÈya mentions
the following five types of gifts which are to be given at an appropriate time:
(1) Gift made to a visitor.
(2) Gift made to one starting on a journey.
(3) Gift made to one who is ill.
(4) Gift made at the time of scarcity.
(5) Gift of newly harvested grains and crops made to those endowed with
virtue.
The fifth type has direct reference to farmers and cultivators, but it should be understood
that it also includes the first fruits of labour of any one who offers them as
dÈna
before
using them for oneself.
Five Kinds of Asappurisa-dÈna
There are five kinds of gifts made by men of no virtue:
(1)
DÈna
made without seeing carefully that the gift to be offered is properly prepared,
fresh. wholesome and clean.