THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1544
in everyday life, one offers one's friends things which one uses and enjoys, so also if one
makes a gift of materials which are of the same quality as used by oneself, then the gift is
said to be of medium type (
dÈna-sahÈya
). Just as in everyday life, one makes present of
gifts to one's superior of things better in quality than those enjoyed by oneself, so also if
one gives
dÈna
of superior quality materials, then the gift is said to be of superior order
(
dÈna-sÈmi
).
(5) There are three types of Dhamma-dÈna (the division being based on the meaning of
the word ‘
Dhamma
’ for each type). In the first type of Dhamma-dÈna, ‘
dhamma
’ is the one
associated with the Œmisa dhamma-dÈna, mentioned above under
dÈna
categories by Twos.
Therein, it was stated that Œmisa dhamma-dÈna is the gift of palm-leaf scriptures or books
of the Scriptures. In this classification. the ‘
dhamma
’ is the scriptures themselves, the
Pariyatti Dhamma
, that was taught by the Buddha and recorded on palm leaves or books as
texts. The
dhamma-dÈna
, therefore, means, here, teaching the Scriptures or giving the
knowledge of the Buddha's Teachings to others. The
Pariyatti
is the gift-object, the
material that is given; the listener is the recipient and one who teaches or expounds the
dhamma
is the donor.
(In the second type of
dhamma-dÈna
, the ‘
dhamma
’ refers to the ‘
dhamma
’ included in
the Abhidhamma classification of
dÈnas
into six classes, namely, r|pa-dÈna, sadda-dÈna,
gandha-dÈna, rasa-dÈna, phoÔÔhabba-dÈna and dhamma-dÈna. The dhamma in this particular
case is explained as all that forms the object of the mind or mental objects.) The mental
objects are: (1) the five sense organs (
pasÈda r|pas
); (2) the sixteen subtle forms (
sukhuma
r|pas
); (3) the 89 states of consciousness (
citta
); (4) 52 mental factors (
cetasikas
); (5)
NibbÈna and (6) Concepts (
paÒÒatti
). Whereas in Pariyatti dhamma, the ‘
dhamma
’ means
‘noble’; here it has the sense of ‘the truth concerning the real nature of things’.
Dhamma-dÈna of this type is made through rendering assistance to those afflicted with
(organic) disabilities, for example, weak eye-sight, trouble in hearing, etc. Helping others
to improve their eye-sight is
cakkhu
(
dhamma
)
dÈna
; helping them to improve their hearing
is
sota
(
dhamma
)
dÈna
, etc. The most distinctive
dÈna
of this type is
jÊvita-dÈna
, the
promotion of longevity of others. In a similar manner, the remaining
dÈnas
of the type,
namely,
gandha, rasa, phottabba
and
dhamma
may be understood.
In the third type of dhamma-dÈna, the ‘
dhamma
’ refers to the
Dhamma
of the Triple
Gem, namely, the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Sangha. As in the second type of
dhamma-
dÈna
, the Dhamma here means the Scriptures or the Teaching of the Buddha. Whereas in
the second type the ‘
dhamma
’ is a gift-object for offering, while the listener is the
recipient. In this third type, the Dhamma, which is a part of the trinity of the Buddha, the
Dhamma and the Sangha
,
itself forms the recipient to which offerings are to be made.
When the Buddha and the Sangha become recipients, the associated Dhamma also becomes
a recipient of offerings.
To give an illustration: The Buddha was residing in the Jetavana monastery in Savatthi.
At that time, a rich householder who had faith in the Teaching, thought to himself thus: ‚I
have had opportunities to honour the Buddha and His Sangha constantly with offerings of
food, robes, etc. But I have never honoured the Dhamma by making offerings to it. It is
time now that I should do so.‛ With this thought, he approached the Buddha and asked Him
how to do about it.
The Buddha replied: ‚If you wish to honour the Dhamma, you should give food, robes
etc. to the
bhikkhu
who is well cultivated in the Dhamma, but with the clear intention of
honouring the Dhamma which he has realized.‛
When the householder asked Him which
bhikkhu
would be appropriate to receive such an
offering, the Buddha told him to ask the Sangha. The Sangha directed him to give his
offerings to the Venerable Œnanda. So he invited the Venerable Œnanda and made a
generous offering of food, robes, etc. to him, keeping in mind that he was honouring the
Dhamma which the Venerable Œnanda had realized. This story is described in the
introduction to the BhikkhÈparampara JÈtaka, the thirteenth JÈtaka of the Pakinnaka NipÈta.
According to the story, the householder is the donor; food, robes, etc. are material objects