THE ANUD¢PAN¢
umbrella over each of the great
arahats
.
As the arrangements were being made according to the above plan, they found one tame
elephant short of five hundred; so they had a wild, unruly elephant, which was notorious
for its savagery, placed at the back of the Venerable Angulimala and made it hold a white
umbrella like other elephants. People were amazed to find this savage beast taking part in
the ceremony and holding an umbrella over the head of the Venerable Angulimala in a
docile manner.
After the meal had been offered to the congregation, the King declared: ‚I made an
offering of all the things in this, pavilion, allowable things as well as unallowable things.
On this declaration, the people had to admit defeat in the contest, because they had no
princesses, no white umbrellas, no elephants.
Thus the donor of the unrivalled
dÈna
at the time of ‘the Supreme Being of the three
Worlds, the Buddha Gotama’, was King Pasenadi of Kosala. It should be noted that each of
the other Buddhas also had a donor who presented him with an incomparable, unrivalled
dÈna.
Type of DÈna in Groups of Threes
(1) DÈna can also be divided into three categories, namely, Inferior (HÊna), Medium
(Majjhima), and Superior (PaÓÊta). The degree of benevolence of an act is dependent upon
the strength of intention (
chanda
), the conscious state (
citta
), energy (
vÊriya
), and
investigative knowledge (
vimamsÈ
) involved in the act. When these four constituent
elements are weak, the
dÈna
is said to be of inferior type; when they are of medial standard
the
dÈna
is regarded as of medium type; when all are strong, the
dÈna
is considered to be
of the superior order.
(2) When the act of
dÈna
is motivated by desire for fame and acclaim, it is of inferior
type; when the goal of
dÈna
is for attainment of happy life as a human being or a deva, it is
of medium type; if the gift is made in reverence to the
ariyas
or Bodhisattas for their
exemplary habits of offering, it is an excellent gift of superior order.
(In the various discourses of the PÈli Texts are mentioned parks and monasteries
which were given the names of the individual donors, for example, Jetavana, the
garden of Prince JÈti; AnÈthÈpiÓÉikÈrÈma, the monastery donated by the rich man
AnÈthapiÓÉika; GhositÈrÈma, the monastery donated by the rich man Ghosita. This
system of nomenclature was adopted by the First Council Elders with the intention
of encouraging others to follow the examples and thus acquire merit. So, donors
today, when making such gifts, inscribe their names on marble or stone. In doing
so, they should keep under control, by exercise of mindfulness, any desire for
fame, bearing in mind that they make the gift in order to set an example to those
who wish to acquire merit.)
(3) When the donor aspires for happy life as a human or celestial being, his gift is of
inferior type; when the aspiration is for attainment of enlightenment as a disciple
(
sÈvakabodhi-ÒÈÓa
), or as a silent Buddha (
paccekabuddha-ÒÈÓa
), the gift is a medium one;
when one aspires for Perfect Self-Enlightenment (
sammÈsambodhi-ÒÈÓa
or
sabbaÒÒuta-
ÒÈÓa
), one s gift is of superior order.
(By Bodhi or Enlightenment is meant knowledge of one of the four Paths. The
sages of past had advised that, in order for the gift to serve as a means of escape
from the round of rebirths (
vivaÔÔanissita
), one should never make a gift in a
haphazard or casual manner, one should seriously (positively) aspire for one of the
three forms of Enlightenment while making an offering.)
(4) Again, gifts may be of three types, viz. DÈna-dÈsa, gift fit for a servant; DÈna-
sahÈya, gifts fit for a friend. and DÈna-sÈmi, gifts fit for a master.
Just as in everyday life, one uses materials of good quality while offering the servants
inferior quality, so also if one makes a gift of materials which are poorer in quality than
those enjoyed by oneself, the gift is of inferior type (
dÈna-dÈsa
), fit for a servant. Just as