THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1540
encouragement to the practice of bad habits and would not be ‚making wrong decisions or
conclusions about the recipient’s‛ development; the act of offering would thus be free from
blame or fault.
Controversies and difficulties arise only in the case of offerings made to individuals,
puggalika-dÈna
, because there exist various kind of individuals, good or bad. In the case of
offerings made to the Sangha,
sa~ghika-dÈna
, there exists only one kind of Sangha, not two
i.e. good and bad. (Here the noble disciples of the Buddha, the
ariyas
, are meant). There is
no distinction amongst the Ariya Sangha as high, medium or low status of development, as
they are all equally noble. Therefore, as explained above, whenever a donee appears before
one, without taking into consideration his character, one should make the offering with the
thought: ‚I make my offering to the disciples of the Buddha, the noble community of
bhikkhus
.‛ Then this offering is of
sa~ghika-dÈna
type and the recipient is the Sangha; the
person who appears before him to receive the offering is merely the representative of the
Sangha. However low that person may be in his morals, the true recipient of the offering is
the noble Sangha and therefore this is truly a noble gift.
Some people consider that it is very difficult to put into actual practice the advice to
ignore the personal character of the immoral recipient, who has appeared before one, and
to make one's offering with the mind directed not to him but to the noble Sangha, regarding
him only as a representative of the Sangha. The difficulty arises only because of lack of
habitual practice in such matters. In making reverential vows to the images and statues of
the Buddha, regarding them as the Buddha's representatives, one is so accustomed to the
practice of projecting one's mind from the images or statues to the person of the living
Buddha, that, no one says it is difficult. Just as the householder Ugga during the Buddha's
time and the monastery donor of Jambu Dipa had habituated themselves to make offerings
to an immoral
bhikkhu
as a representative of the Buddha, so also Buddhists of modern
times should discipline their mind to become accustomed to such an attitude.
Four Kinds of Offerings to The Sangha as described in The Vinaya PiÔaka
The Vinaya PiÔaka, the Book of Discipline for members of the Order gives a description
of the four categories of offerings made intentionally for the Sangha. But these four
categories of
sa~ghika-dÈna
do not concern the lay donor; only the seven types of
sa~ghika-dÈna
mentioned above concern them. The Vinaya distinctions are made for the
Order only so that they would know how to distribute the offerings amongst themselves.
The four categories are: -
(a) SammukhÊbh|ta Sa~ghika. Offerings to be distributed amongst the Sangha who are
actually present at the time and place. Suppose an offering of robes is made at a certain
place in towns or villages where some
bhikkhus
have gathered together, and the offering is
made to the noble Sangha as a whole by the donor saying: ‚I give to the Sangha.‛ It will be
difficult to reach all the noble Sanghas in the town or the village concerned. The
distribution is, therefore, to be made amongst the Sangha present at the place at the time.
Hence it is called ‘SammukhÊbh|ta Sa~ghika’ (
SammukhÊbh|ta
- present at the time and
place;
Sa~ghika
- belonging to the Sangha.)
(b) ŒrÈmaÔÔha Sa~ghika. Offerings to be distributed amongst the Sangha residing in the
whole compound of the monastery. Suppose a donor comes into the compound of a
monastery and makes an offering of robes to a
bhikkhu
or
bhikkhus
whom he meets,
saying: ‚I give to the Sangha.‛ As the offering is made within the compound of the
monastery, it belongs to all the Sangha residing in that whole compound of the monastery,
not just to the
bhikkhus
who are in the vicinity. Hence it is called ‘ŒrÈmaÔÔha Sa~ghika’
(
ArÈmaÔÔha
- residing in the compound;
Sa~ghika
- belonging to the Sangha.)
(c) Gatagata Sa~ghika. Offerings which belong to the Sangha of whichever place they
(have gone to) have been taken to. Suppose a donor comes to a monastery where a solitary
bhikkhu
resides and makes an offering of one hundred robes, saying: ‚I give to the
Sangha.‛ If the residing
bhikkhu
is well-versed in the Disciplinary rules, he can take
possession of all the offerings for himself by simply remarking: ‚At the present moment,
in this monastery, I am the sole Sangha; all these one hundred robes, therefore. belong to