THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1536
‚Œnanda, in times to come, there will appear vile
bhikkhus
, devoid of morality,
who are
bhikkhus
only in name, who will wear their robes round their necks. With
the intention of giving up the Sangha, offerings will be made to these immoral
bhikkhus
. Even when offered in this manner, a
sa~ghika-dÈna
, an offering meant
for the whole Sangha, I declare, will bring innumerable, inestimable benefits.‛
There is still another point to take into consideration. Of the Four Purities of Generosity
(
DakkhiÓÈ Visuddhi
), the first Purity is: Even if the donee is of impure morality, when the
donor is moral, the offering is pure by reason of purity of the donor. For these reasons
also, one should not say that an immoral
bhikkhu
is not a donee, and that no benefit will
accrue by making an offering to him.
It should be well noted, therefore, it is blameworthy only when we make an offering with
bad intentions of approving and encouraging an immoral
bhikkhu
in his evil practices;
without taking into considerations his habits, if one makes the offering with a pure mind,
thinking only ‘one should give if someone comes for a donation’, it is quite blameless.
Seven Kinds of Gifts to The Sangha (Sa~ghika-dÈna)
(1) Offering made to the community of both
bhikkhus
and
bhikkhunÊs
led by the Buddha,
while He is still living.
(2) Offering made to the community of both
bhikkhus
and
bhikkhunÊs
after the
ParinibbÈna of the Buddha.
(3) Offering made to the community of
bhikkhus
only.
(4) Offering made to the community of
bhikkhunÊs
only.
(5) Offering made (with the whole Sangha in mind) to a group of
bhikkhus
and
bhikkhunÊs
as nominated by the Order. Such an offering is made when the donor could not afford
to give offerings to all the
bhikkhus
and
bhikkhunÊs
and requests the Order to nominate
a certain number (he could afford to give) of
bhikkhus
and
bhikkhunÊs
to receive the
offerings. The Sangha nominates the required number of
bhikkhus
and
bhikkhunÊs
and
the donor makes the offerings to that group of
bhikkhus
and
bhikkhunÊs
(with the
whole Sangha in mind).
(6) Offering made to a group of
bhikkhus
only (with the whole Sangha in mind) after
requesting the Sangha to nominate the number he could afford to give.
(7) Offering made (with the whole of Sangha in mind) to a group of
bhikkhunÊs
only after
requesting the Sangha to nominate the number he could afford to give.
Of these seven kinds of
sa~ghika-dÈna
, it may be asked, if it is possible to make an
offering of the first kind, namely, an offering made to the community of both
bhikkhus
and
bhikkhunÊs
led by the Buddha, after the ParinibbÈna of the Buddha. The answer is ‚Yes, it
is possible‛ and the offer should be made in this manner: after placing a statue of the
Buddha containing relics in front of the community of both
bhikkhus
and
bhikkhunÊs
who
have gathered for the ceremony, the offering should be made, saying: ‚I make this offering
to the community of both
bhikkhus
and
bhikkhunÊs
led by the Buddha‛.
Having done an offering of the first kind, the question arises as to what happens to the
objects of offering which was intended for the Buddha. Just as the property of the father
customarily goes to the son, so too should the offerings intended for the Buddha go to the
bhikkhu
who does devotional duties to the Buddha or to the community of
bhikkhus
.
Especially, if the objects offered include such materials as oil, ghee, etc. which should be
utilized in offering of lights by oil lamps to the Buddha; pieces of cloth included in the
offering should be made into banners and streamers to be offered in worship.
During the Buddha's lifetime, people were generally not disposed to form attachment to,
or concerning themselves with individual personalities; they had their mind bent on the
Order of Bhikkhus as a whole, and thus were able to make much offering of the noble
sa~ghika-dÈna
kind. Consequently, the needs of the members of the Order were mostly met
by the distributions made by the Order; they had little need to rely on lay man and lay