THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1534
leftover of a meal. If the donee arrives while one is eating the meal, but before eating is
finished, and one makes an offering of the food taken from the meal one is eating, that is
also considered to be an
anucchiÔÔha-dÈna
; it can even be said to be a noble gift. When the
offering is made of the food leftover after one has finished eating, it is a gift of the
leftover, an
ucchiÔÔha-dÈna
; a wretched, inferior one. It should be noted, however, that the
humble offering made by one who has nothing else to give but the leftover meal could well
be called an
anucchiÔÔha-dÈna
. It is only when such an offer is made by one who can well
afford to make a better gift that his gift is regarded as a wretched, inferior one,
ucchiÔÔha-
dÈna
.
18. Sajiva/Accaya DÈna
Offering made while one is still alive is Sajiva-dÈna. Offering which is meant to become
effective after one’s death: ‚I give such of my property to such and such a person. Let him
take possession of them after my death and make use of them as he wishes‛ is Accaya-
dÈna.
A
bhikkhu
(Buddhist monk) is not permitted to make an
accaya
type of
dÈna
, i.e. he
cannot leave his properties as gifts for others after death. Even if he should do so, it does
not constitute an act of
dÈna
; the would-be recipient also has no right of possession to
them. If a
bhikkhu
gives from his properties to another
bhikkhu
while he still living, the
receiver is entitled to what is given to him; or while the
bhikkhu
is till alive, some
bhikkhu
,
who is on intimate terms (
vissÈssagaha
) with him, can take it and come to possess it; or if
he owns something jointly (
dvisantaka
) with another
bhikkhu
, when he dies the surviving
bhikkhu
becomes the sole owner. Unless these conditions are fulfilled, namely, giving his
property during his lifetime, taking possession of it by reason of intimacy while he is still
alive, or possessing it through dual ownership, the
bhikkhu’s
property becomes the property
of the Sangha, the Order of Bhikkhus, when he dies. Therefore, if a
bhikkhu
makes an
accaya-dÈna
, saying: ‚I give such of my property to such and such a person when I die. Let
him take possession of them‛, it amounts to giving a property which by then belongs to the
Order of Bhikkhus. His giving does not form an act of
dÈna
and the would-be recipient is
also not entitled to it’s ownership. it is only amongst the laymen that such kind of gift,
accaya-dÈna
, is possible and legal.
19. Puggalika/Sa~ghika DÈna
Offering made to one or two separate individual persons is Puggalika-dÈna. Offering
made to the whole Order of Bhikkhus (the Sangha), is Sa~ghika-dÈna.
Sangha means group, assemblage or community; here, the whole community of the
ariya
disciples of the Buddha is meant. In making an offering intended for the Sangha, the donor
must have in his mind not the individual
ariya
disciples that constitute the Order, but the
community of the
ariya
disciples as a whole. Then only his offering will be of the
sa~ghika
type.
DakkhinÈvibhanga Sutta (of Majjhima NikÈya PÈli Canon) give an enumeration of the 14
kinds of gifts to individuals (
puggalika-dÈna
) and 7 kinds of gifts to the Sangha (
sa~ghika-
dÈna
). It is useful to know them.
14 Kinds of Gift to Individuals
(1) Offering made to a Buddha.
(2) Offering made to a Paccekabuddha, a non-teaching Buddha.
(3) Offering made to an
arahat
or to one who has attained the
arahatta-phala
stage.
(4) Offering made to one who is striving to realise
arahatta-phala
or one who has
attained the
arahatta-magga
stage.
(5) Offering made to an
anÈgÈmin
or to one who has attained the
anÈgÈmÊ-phala
stage.
(6) Offering made to one who is striving to realise
anÈgÈmÊ-phala
or one who has