THE ANUD¢PAN¢
monasteries, rest houses and digging wells, tanks, etc., is ThÈvara-dÈna. Offering of things
of movable nature meant for temporary use, such as food, robes, etc. movable gifts, is
AthÈvara-dÈna.
14. SaparivÈra/AparivÈra DÈna
Offering made with accompaniment of supplementary material that usually go along with
such an offering is SaparivÈra-dÈna. For example, in offering robes as main item of gifts,
when it is accompanied by suitable and proper accessories and requisites, it is a
saparivÈra-
dÈna
; when there are no other objects of offering besides the main item of robes, it is a gift
without accompanying thing, AparivÈra-dÈna. The same differentiation applies to offerings
made with other forms of gifts.
The special characteristic marks on the body of Bodhisattas, who have large retinue
attending upon them, are the benefits that result from
saparivÈra
type of
dÈna
.
15. Nibaddha/Anibaddha DÈna
Offering made constantly or regularly such as offering of alms-food to the Sangha
everyday is Constant
dÈna
, (Nibaddha-dÈna). Offering made not constantly, not on a
regular basis but only occasionally when one is able to so, is occasional offering
(Anibaddha-dÈna).
16. Paramattha/Aparamattha DÈna
Tarnished offering (Paramattha-dÈna). Untarnished offering (Aparamattha-dÈna).
Offering which is tarnished by craving and wrong view is Paramattha-dÈna. Offering
which is not corrupted by craving and wrong view is Aparamattha-dÈna.
According to Abhidhamma, one is corrupted when led astray by wrong view alone; but
wrong view always co-exists with craving. When wrong view corrupts and leads one
astray, craving is also involved. Therefore, both craving and wrong view are mentioned
above. And this is how craving and wrong view bring about corruption. Having made an
offering, if one expresses an ardent, wholesome wish: ‚May I attain speedily the Path and
Fruition (NibbÈna) as a result of this act of merit‛, the offering becomes one of
Vivatthanissita type (see type 4 above), and it could serve as a strong sufficing condition
for attainment of the Path and Fruition (NibbÈna). But instead of making such a wholesome
wish for NibbÈna, when one, corrupted and led astray by craving and wrong view, aspires a
result of this act of merit: ‚May I become a distinguished deva such as Sakka, the King of
TÈvatiÑsa abode, or just a deva of the durable divine realms, his
dÈna
cannot serve as a
sufficing condition for attainment of NibbÈna and is classed as mere
paramattha-dÈna
, the
dÈna
which is bereft of the sufficing condition for attainment of NibbÈna, being tarnished
by craving and wrong view. The
dÈna
which is not tarnished by craving and wrong view
but is made with the sole purpose of attaining NibbÈna is classed as
aparamattha-dÈna
.
Much charity can also be practised outside the Teaching of the Buddha; but
dÈna
of
paramattha
type is only possible then. It is only within the Teaching of the Buddha that
dÈna
of
aparamattha
type can be practised. So while we are blessed with the rare
opportunity of meeting with the Teachings of the Buddha, we should strive our utmost to
ensure that our offering are the
aparamattha
type.
17. UcchiÔÔha/AnucchiÔÔha DÈna
Offering made with what is leftover, what is inferior, wretched is UcchiÔÔha-dÈna.
Offering made with what is not leftover, what is not inferior, wretch is AnucchiÔÔha-dÈna.
Suppose, while preparations are being made for a meal, a donee appears and one donates
some of the food that has been prepared before one has eaten it; it is considered to be ‘the
highest gift’ (
agga-dÈna
) and it is also an
anucchiÔÔha-dÈna
since the offering is not the