THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1530
of external properties include giving of all the external material possessions of the donor.
Even in this modern time, we read sometimes in the newspapers of offerings of one’s
own limbs at the pagoda or of ‘honouring with the gift’ of burning oneself after wrapping
the whole body with cloth and pouring oil on it. Some comments have been made on such
kinds of
dÈna
involving one’s limbs. According to them, such offerings of one’s life and
limbs are deeds to be performed only by great Bodhisattas and are not the concern of
ordinary persons. They doubt if such offerings made by ordinary persons produce any
merit at all.
Now to consider whether such views are justified or not. It is not as if a Bodhisatta can
suddenly make his appearance in this world. Only after gradually fulfilling the required
perfections to the best of his ability, an individual grows in maturity and develops himself
stage by stage to become a Bodhisatta. Ancient poets have written thus: Only by gradual
venture, one ensures continuous improvement in rebirths to come. Therefore, we should
not hastily condemn those who make offerings of parts of their body or the whole of their
body. If a person, through unflinching volition and faith, very courageously makes an
offering of his own body, even to the extent of abandoning his life, he is actually worthy
of praise as a donor of the gift of one’s own person, Ajjhattika-dÈna.
3. Vatthu/Abhaya DÈna
Offering of property (Vatthu-dÈna) and granting of safety (Abhaya-dÈna).
Vatthu-dÈna is concerned with offering of material things. Abhaya-dÈna means granting
of safety or security with respect to life or property. This is usually an exercise of mercy
by kings.
4. Vattanissita/Vivattanissita DÈna
Vattanissita-dÈna is offering made in the hope of future worldly wealthy and pleasures,
which means suffering in the cycle of existence. Vivattanissita-dÈna is concerned with
offering made in aspiration for NibbÈna which is free of the suffering of rebirth.
5. SÈvajja/Anavajja DÈna
DÈna tainted with fault (SÈvajja-dÈna) and dÈna untainted with fault (Anavajja-dÈna).
Offering of meals with meat obtained from killing of animals is an example of
dÈna
tainted with fault. Offering of meals which does not involve killing of animals is dÈna
untainted with fault. The first type is an act of generosity accompanied by
demeritoriousness and the second type is
dÈna
unaccompanied by demeritoriousness.
We see the case of some fishermen, who, having accumulated wealth from fishing,
decided to give up the business thinking: ‚I shall abandon this demeritorious fishing work
and adopt a pure mode of livelihood.‛ Engaging in other occupations, they find their
prosperity declining and, therefore, had to revert to their old vocation, and their wealth
grew. This is an example of
dÈna
tainted with fault (SÈvajja-dÈna) done in previous lives
coming to fruition in the present life. Since that act of
dÈna
was associated with the act of
killing, at the time of its fruition too, success is achieved only when associated with act of
killing (fishing). When not associated with an act of killing, the previous
dÈna
tainted with
fault cannot come to fruition and his wealth declines.
6. SÈhatthika/Anattika DÈna
Offering made with one’s own hand (SÈhatthika-dÈna) and offering made by agents on
one’s behalf or made by other under one’s instruction (Anattika-dÈna).
(That SÈhatthika-dÈna brings more beneficial results than the Anattika-dÈna can be read in
the PÈyÈsi Sutta of MahÈ Vagga, DÊgha NikÈya, of the PÈli Canon).
7. Sakkacca/Asakkacca DÈna