THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1528
(
apacÈyana
) involves relinquishing of objects of offering; whereas building a pagoda and
installing Buddha statues require an expenditure of a large sum of money. Hence, these
works of merit must be considered to come under
DÈna
.
Here the question may be asked: ‘If it comes under
dÈna
, will it be an act of
dÈna
when
there is no recipient for it?’ According to the Texts, whether an offering should be
regarded as an act of
dÈna
may be decided by an analysis of its features, viz. characteristic,
function, manifestation and proximate cause. We have already provided above what these
four features are, for a true act of
dÈna
. Now applying this test to the present problems, we
find the characteristic of abandoning, since the person, who builds the pagoda and installs
the Buddha statues, relinquishes a large sum of money; as for function, there is destruction
of attachment to the objects of offering by the donor; as its manifestation, the donor senses
that his act of generosity will result in attainment of rebirth in the human or deva-world
and attainment of great wealth; and finally, as the proximate cause, there is the object to be
offered. Thus, all the four features necessary for an offering to be truly an act of
dÈna
are
present here and we may, therefore, conclude that building a pagoda and installing Buddha
statues is a true act of generosity.
As to the question of who receives the gift, it will not be wrong to say that all the devas
and human beings, who worship at the pagodas and Buddha statues in memory of the
virtues of the Buddha, are the recipients of the
dÈna
. At the same time, as they serve as
objects of worship for the devas and human beings in their recollection of the virtues of the
Buddha, they also form the objects of offering. All the various material things in the world
are utilized in different ways depending on their nature; food materials are utilized for
consumption; clothing materials are utilized for wearing; material for religious devotion
and adoration are utilized as objects of veneration.
If wells and tanks are dug near public highways, the general public could use them for
drinking water, washing, etc. The donor would have no particular recipient in mind when
he dug the wells and tanks. When, as he intended, the wayfarers, passing by the road, make
use of his gifts, no one could say that his gift is not an act of
dÈna
; even if he did not
finalize it with a libation ceremony. (See below).
Now to wind up the discussion, it is quite proper to say that builder of a pagoda with
Buddha statues is a donor, the pagoda and Buddha statues are objects of
dÈna
, and devas
and human beings who pay homage to them in adoration are the recipients of the
dÈna.
An additional question may be asked: ‚Is it really proper to refer to pagodas and Buddha
statues as objects of
dÈna
; may it not be sacrilegious to classify them as such?‛ Just as
bookcases and shelves are used in the monasteries for holding Canonical Texts which are
looked up as sacred (Dhamma-cetiya), so also pagodas and Buddha statues form
storehouses for keeping sacred relics and objects of veneration. So it may be answered that
it is quite appropriate to designate them as objects of generosity (
dÈna
).
Whether A Libation Ceremony is Essential for An Offering to qualify as An act of
Generosity
The point to consider here is what constitutes an act of
dÈna
when it is not finalised
with a libation ceremony. Actually there is no mention of this requirement in the Texts.
The practice is, however, or long standing tradition.
In the Commentary on Chapter: CÊvarakkhandhaka of the Vinaya MahÈvagga, we find the
following reference to this tradition of libation ceremony. ‚There was a split among the
bhikkhus
of a monastery prior to the time of offering of robes after the Buddhist
Vassa
.
When the time arrived, lay devotees came and offered robes, piled up in a heap, to one
group of
bhikkhus
. The devotees then went to the other group of
bhikkhus
and performed
the ceremony of libation, saying: ‚We offer to the other group of
bhikkhus
.‛ As to how the
robes should be distributed among the Sangha, the Great Commentary says that if it was a
region where the ceremony of libation is of no importance, the robes belonged to the group
(of
bhikkhus
) which had been directly offered the robes. The group which received only
‘the libation’ had no claim to the robes. But if it was in a region where the libation
ceremony is of importance, the group which received only ‘the libation’ had a claim to the