THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1526
‘
pubba-cetana
’. This type of volition can also be considered as
DÈna
, provided that
the object to be given is at hand at the time the intention, ‚I shall make an offering of
this object‛, occurs. Without the object to be given being actually in one’s possession,
cherishing the thought of giving may be called ‘
pubba-cetana
’ but cannot qualify as
DÈna
: it can only be a benevolent thought of ordinary merit.
How volition comes to be taken as synonymous with
DÈna
is based on the grammatical
definition of
DÊyati anenÈti dÈnam
, that which prompts giving is generosity (
dÈna
).
(Volition, here, is definitely the determining cause of giving).
Things to be given are also called
DÈna
from the grammatical definition of DÊyatiti
dÈnam which means objects which could be offered as alms.
Following these grammatical definitions, Text of the Canons mention two kinds of
dÈna
,
namely, volitional
dÈna
and material
dÈna
. In this connection, questions have been asked
why objects to be offered are called
dÈna
, since only volition is capable of producing
results and material object is not. It is true that only volition is productive of results
because volition is a mental action but. as explained above, volition can be called
dÈna
only
if it arises when there exist suitable things to be given. Therefore, material object for
giving is also an important contributory factor for an act of giving to qualify as generosity
(
dÈna
).
For example, we say ‘rice is cooked because of the firewood’. Actually, it is the fire that
cooks the rice. But there can be no fire without firewood. So fire burns because of
firewood and rice is cooked because of fire. Thus, taking into consideration, these
connected phenomena, it is not incorrect to say ‘rice is well cooked because of good
firewood’. Similarly, we can rightly say ‘beneficial result is obtained because of objects of
offering’.
Because things to be given away feature importantly in acts of generosity, the Canonical
Text mention different types of
DÈna
, depending on different objects to be offered. Thus,
in expositions on the Vinaya, we find four kinds of
dÈna
, since the Buddha allows four
kinds of requisites to the Sangha, the offerings made to the Sangha are naturally listed
under these four kinds. Hence, this classification in the Vinaya expositions of four types of
dÈna
, which is primarily based upon different kinds of object of offering.
According to the classification in the exposition on the Abhidhamma, everything in the
world comes under six categories, which correspond to the six sense objects, there are six
kinds of
dÈna
depending upon whether it is a gift of visible object, of sound, of smell, of
taste, of touch or of mind-object or dhamma. Here also, although there is no direct mention
of six kinds of
dÈna
in the Abhidhamma Teachings, if gifts were to be made of each of the
sense objects, there would be six kinds of offering; hence this classification in the
Abhidhamma expositions of six types of
dÈna
.
In the Suttanta classification, there are ten kinds of
dÈna
, namely, offering of various
kinds of food, of drink, of transportation, of flowers, of perfumed powder, of scented
unguent or ointment, of bed, of dwelling places and of facilities of lighting. Here again, the
actual teaching in the Suttas relates only to the ten classes of objects which may be offered
as alms. But when these ten objects are offered as alms, there would be then ten kinds of
offering; hence this classification in the Suttanta expositions of ten types of
dÈna
.
Maintaining that the Buddha teaches only these ten objects of offering, one should not
consider that these are the only gifts to be given and that other gifts are not allowable. One
should understand that the Buddha merely mentions the ten things most commonly offered
as alms in practice; or as any material thing can be classified as belonging to one or the
other of the ten types of gifts, one should take it that by these ten objects are covered also
any object which is in daily use by the noble recipient.
From what has been said above, it should be well noted how a material object is an
important contributory factor (for the arising) of volitional generosity. It will be seen that
the various types of generosity which will be described henceforth include many that relate
to objects of offering.
As a resume of this chapter, it should be remembered that volition is
dÈna
because it