THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1522
Some Notable Features concerning DÈna (Generosity, Charity)
The essential thing to know concerning the word ‘DÈna-pÈramÊ’ (the Perfection of
Generosity) is that anything which is given away or any act of giving is DÈna (charity or
generosity). There are two kinds of giving:
(1) Giving as an act of merit (puÒÒavisayadÈna).
(2) Giving in conformity with worldly practices (lokavisayadÈna).
Acts of giving out of pure faith are acts of merit (puÒÒavisayadÈna) and only such
givings constitute the Perfection of Generosity.
But gifts given in pursuit of love or out of anger, fear, or foolishness etc. and even giving
punishment, giving a sentence of death are worldly giving. They do not form part of
Perfection of Generosity.
DÈna (Generosity) and PariccÈga (Abandonment)
In connection with giving which would amount to an act of merit, it is helpful to
understand the differences and similarities between what is termed DÈna, translated as
‘Generosity’, and what is termed as PariccÈga, translated as abandonment, renunciation
through charity.
In the MahÈhaÑsa JÈtaka of AsÊtinipÈta, it is given an enumeration of the ten duties of a
king, viz. generosity, morality, abandonment, uprightness, gentleness, self-control, freedom
from anger, mercy, forbearance and absence of obstruction. We see therein that generosity
and abandonment are listed separately.
According to the JÈtaka Commentary, there are ten objects which may be offered as
alms: food, drink, transportation (including umbrellas, slippers or shoes, which are for
travelling), flowers, perfumed powder, scented unguent or ointment, bed, dwelling places,
and facilities for lighting. The volition that prompts the giving of these alms constitutes
generosity (
dÈna
). The volition that accompanies the giving away of any other objects of
alms is to be regarded as abandonment (
pariccÈga
). Thus the differentiation here rests on
the different kinds of the objects of alms.
But the Sub-commentary of the JÈtaka, quoting the views of many teachers, says that
‘giving of offerings with the prospect of enjoying good results in future lives is
dÈna
;
giving rewards to servants and service personnel, etc. in order to reap the benefits in the
present life is
pariccÈga
.’
A story that gives another illustration of the difference between generosity and
abandonment is described in the Commentary to the CariyÈpitaka PÈli Text and in the
Commentary to Terasanipata JÈtaka. Briefly, Bodhisatta was once a learned brahmin by the
name of Akitti. When his parents passed away, he was left with a vast accumulation of
wealth. Deeply stirred by religious emotion, he reflected thus: ‚My parents and ancestors
who have accumulated this great wealth have abandoned them and left, as for me, I shall
gather only the substance of this accumulation and depart.‛ Then having obtained
permission from the King, he had a drum beaten all over the country to proclaim the great
charity he was going to make. For seven days, he personally gave away his riches but there
still remained more.
He saw no point in presiding himself over the ceremony of distribution of his wealth, so
leaving the doors of his mansion, treasure houses and granaries wide open, so that whoever
wished might go and helped themselves to whatever they liked, and he renounced the
worldly life and went away.
It may be said that in the above story, distribution of wealth personally by the Bodhisatta
during the first seven days is an act of generosity (
dÈna
), whereas abandoning of the
remaining wealth after seven day’s personal distribution is an act of abandonment
(
pariccÈga
). The reason for such distinction is that, for an offering to be an act of
generosity (
dÈna
) four conditions must be fulfilled: (1) a donor, (2) objects to offer, (3) a
recipient actually present to receive and (4) the volition to give. The wise man, Akitti’s
distribution of wealth during the first seven days fulfils all these conditions. Hence, it is an