THE ANUD¢PAN¢
arahat
and the merit he thus acquired was great and noble. Thus, as an equal of the
powerful devas, he did not have to make way for them. On the other hand, although
Ankura had made large amounts of gifts over a very long period of time, the recipients
were worldlings and consequently the beneficial result that accrued was not a high order.
And he had to move back every time a powerful deva arrived. Therefore, we find in the
PÈli text the exhortation: ‘
Viceyya danam databbam yattha dinnam mahapphalam
’ which
means ‘When an offering is to be made, one who can bring the greatest benefit should be
chosen as the recipient.’
There seems to be a contradiction between the PÈli Text of the Chronicle of the Buddhas
and the discourses, such as the DakkhiÓÈvibha~ga Sutta, etc., of other PÈli Texts. The
seeming contradiction is easily resolved when one remembers that the discourses such as
the DakkhiÓÈvibha~ga Sutta are meant for ordinary people or devas, whereas the
discussions in the Chronicle of Buddhas are directed exclusively to the Bodhisattas whose
goal is attainment of Omniscience (
sabbaÒÒuta-ÒÈÓa
), or the Buddha-Wisdom. This
Wisdom is only one kind and not to be classified into low, medium or great order wisdom.
A Bodhisatta has only to give away whatever he has to offer to whoever comes along to
receive them, irrespective of his status whether high, medium or low. He does not have to
consider thus: ‚This recipient is of low status, by making an offering to him, I shall gain
only a low order of Omniscience. This recipient is only of medium status, by making offer
to him, I shall gain Omniscience merely of medium order.‛ Therefore, giving of alms to
whoever comes along to receive them without any discrimination is the habitual practice of
Bodhisatta who are bent on attainment of
sabbaÒÒuta-ÒÈÓa
(Omniscience). On the other
hand, the aim of ordinary worldlings, devas or humans, in practising generosity is to gain
worldly comforts of their liking, and as such, it is natural that they would choose the best
recipient for their alms.
It may be concluded, therefore, that there is no contradiction between the texts in the
Chronicles of the Buddhas, which are intended for the great Bodhisattas and the discourse
such as DakkhiÓÈvibha~ga Sutta which are meant for ordinary people and devas.
Meaning of PÈramÊ
The possible meanings of the word ‘
pÈramÊ
’ have been variously explained in the CariyÈ-
PiÔaka Commentary. Just to let the reader have an idea:
PÈramÊ is the combination for ‚
parama
‛ and ‚
Ê
‛.
Parama
means ‘most excellent’, which
is used here in the sense of future Buddhas who are the most excellent ones.
Or
pÈramÊ
derives from the root, ‘
para’
with the suffix ‘
ma’
. The root, ‘para’ means ‘to
fulfil’ or ‘to protect’. Because they fulfil and protect such virtues as dÈna (alms-giving),
etc., future Buddhas are called parama.
Or
para
, a prefix, is attached to the root, ‘mava’, meaning ‘to bind’. Because future
Buddhas behave as though they bind on and attract other beings to them by means of
special virtues, they are called parama.
Or
paraÑ
, a prefix is attached to the root, ‘maja’ meaning, ‘to be pure; paraÑ means
‘more’. Because future Buddhas are free of mental impurities and far purer than others,
they are called parama.
Or
paraÑ
, a prefix, is attached to the root, ‘maya’ meaning ‘to go’; ‘
param
’ means
‘superior’. Because future Buddhas go to the superior state of NibbÈna in a special manner,
they are called parama.
Or
param
, a prefix, is attached to the root, ‘mu’ meaning ‘to determine’. Because future
Buddhas determine their next existence as they do in the case of the present, they are called
parama. (What this means to say is that as future Buddhas are able to ascertain precisely
what should be done to make the present existence pleasant and faultless, so are they able
to do with regard to their next existence. That is, they have the ability to improve their
existences.)
Or
paraÑ
, a prefix, is attached to the root, ‘mi’ meaning ‘to put in’;
paraÑ
means