THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1504
as they develop meritoriousness or are overcome by their demeritoriousness. A pair of life
span, an increasing one and a decreasing one is called an Antara-kappa.
Three Kinds of Antara-kappa
At the beginning of the world, when people’s life span declines from incalculable years
to ten years, a change of
kappa
takes place. If the decline is due to the particularly
overpowering state of greed, then there occurs scarcity of food and all evil persons perish
during the last seven days of
kappa
. Such a round of time is called Dubbhikkhantara-kappa
or the aeon of famine.
If the decline is due to the particularly overpowering state of bewilderment, then there
occurs an epidemic of diseases and all evil persons perish during the last seven days of the
kappa
. Such a round of time is called Rogantara-kappa or the aeon of diseases.
If the decline of life span is due to the particularly overpowering state of hatred, then
there occur killings of one another with arms and all evil persons perish during the last
seven days of the
kappa
. Such a round of time is called Satthantara-kappa or the aeon of
weapons.
(According to the Visuddhi-magga Mahatika, however, the
Rogantara-kappa
is brought
about by the particularly overpowering state of greed, the
Satthantara-kappa
by the
particularly overpowering state of hatred and the
Dubbhikkhantara-kappa
by the
particularly overpowering state of bewilderment; then evil persons perish.)
The naming of each pair of life spans – one increasing and the other decreasing as
Antara-kappa
may be explained thus: before all is dissolved either by fire, water or the air
element at the end of
VivaÔÔaÔÔhÈyi-Asa~khyeyya-kappa
and whenever the life span becomes
ten years, all evil persons are perished with famine, diseases or weapons. In accordance
with this statement, here it refers to the intermediate period of decrease between one period
of total destruction and another.
After the calamity that befalls during the final seven days of each
Antara-kappa
, the
name
Rogantara-kappa, Satthantara-kappa
or
Dubbhikkhantara-kappa
is given to the
period of misfortune which befalls before the ten years life span (not in the whole world
but) in a limited region such as a town or a village. If there appears an epidemic of
diseases, we say there is
Rogantara-kappa
in that region; if there is an outbreak of war, we
say there is
Satthantara-kappa
in that region; if there occurs starvation, we say there is
Dubbhikkhantara-kappa
in that region. Such a saying is just figurative because the regional
incident is similar to the cosmic. When in prayers, one mentions ‚three
kappas
‛ from
which one wishes to be free, one usually refers to these three great disasters.
At the completion of 64
Antara-kappas
(each
Antara-kappa
consisting of a pair of
increasing and decreasing aeons), a
VivaÔÔaÔÔhÈyi Asa~khyeyya-kappa
comes to an end.
Since there are no living beings (in human and celestial realms) during the
SaÑvaÔÔa
Asa~khyeyya-kappa
,
SaÑvaÔÔaÔÔhÈyi Asa~khyeyya-kappa
and
VivaÔÔaÔÔhÈyi Asa~khyeyya-
kappa
, these
kappas
are not reckoned in terms of
Antara-kappa
, which consists of a set of
increasing and decreasing aeons. But it should be noted that each of these
Asa~khyeyya-
kappas
, lasting as long as 64
Antara-kappas
, are of the same duration as a
VivaÔÔaÔÔhÈyi
Asa~khyeyya-kappa
.
Œyu kappa
Œyu-kappa means a period which is reckoned in accordance with the span of life (Èyu) of
that period. If the life span is one hundred, a century is an
Œyu-kappa
; if it is one thousand,
a millennium is an
Œyu-kappa
.
When the Buddha said: ‚Œnanda, I have developed the four
Iddhipadas
(bases of psychic
power). If I so desire, I can live either a whole
kappa
or a little more than a
kappa
,‛ the
kappa
therein should be taken as an
Œyu-kappa
, which is the duration of life of people
living in that period. It is explained in the AÔÔhaka NipÈta of the A~guttara Commentary
that the Buddha made such a declaration meaning to say that He could live one hundred
years on a little more if He so desired.