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Perfection of Renunciation.
(iv) Craving, aversion and bewilderment make beings blind, whereas wisdom restores the
sight of beings blinded by them. Therefore, these three unwholesome factors, which
cause blindness in beings, are opposed to the Perfection of Wisdom.
(v) Through craving, one flinches from doing meritorious deeds; through aversion, one
cannot be established in good deeds; and through bewilderment, one cannot strive in
a right way. It is only by means of energy, one performs meritorious deeds without
flinching, becomes established in them and proceeds in a right manner. Therefore,
these three unwholesome factors are opposed to the Perfection of Energy.
(vi) Only with forbearance can one resist (inclination towards) craving for desirable
objects or (towards) ill-will for undesirable objects and can perceive the non-
personality and voidness of natural phenomena. Thus, craving, aversion, and
bewilderment, which cannot so perceive the empty nature of phenomena, are
opposed to the Perfection of Forbearance.
(vii) Without truthfulness, one is likely to be biased by craving because of services
rendered to him by others, or by aversion, because of harm done by them. Hence
truth cannot prevail under such circumstances. Only with truthfulness can one, in the
face of favouritism or antagonism, be free from bias caused by craving, or by
aversion, ill-will or bewilderment that deter prevalence of truth. Thus, these three
unwholesome factors are opposed to the Perfection of Truthfulness.
(viii) With resolution, one can overcome the pleasant and unpleasant vicissitudes of life
and remain unshakeable in fulfilling the
PÈramÊs.
Therefore, craving, aversion and
bewilderment, which cannot vanquish the vicissitudes of life, are opposed to the
Perfection of Resolution.
(ix) Development of loving-kindness can ward off the obstacles (in the path of spiritual
progress)
21
; therefore these three unwholesome factors, constituents of the obstacles,
are opposed to the Perfection of Loving-kindness.
(x) Without equanimity, craving for desirable objects and aversion to undesirable objects
cannot be stopped and destroyed; nor can one view them with a balanced mind. Only
when endowed with equanimity can one do so. Therefore, these three unwholesome
factors are opposed to the Perfection of Equanimity.
10. What is The Detailed Method of Practising The PÈramÊs
To the question, ‚How are the
pÈramÊs
fulfilled? How do the Bodhisattas practise the
pÈramÊs
?‛ the answer is:
With regard to The DÈna PÈramÊ
A Bodhisatta fulfils the Perfection of Generosity by serving the interest of beings in
several ways, such as attending to their welfare, giving up own life and limb, warding off
the danger that would befall on them, instructing them in the Dhamma, etc.
The answer in detail: Generosity is of three kinds: (a) gift of material objects (
Èmisa-dÈna
),
(b) gift of harmlessness (
abhaya-dÈna
) and (c) gift of Dhamma (
dhamma-dÈna
).
Gift of material objects (
Èmisa-dÈna
): Of these three kinds, gift of material objects to be
given by the Bodhisatta can be twofold (i) gift of internal objects and (ii) gift of external
objects.
External objects for offering (according to Suttanta method of enumeration) consist of
ten kinds: food, drink, garment, vehicle, flowers, unguent, bedding, dwelling place and
lighting material. These offerings become manifold when each of them is divided into
various things, such as hard food, soft food, etc., in the case of food.
21. Obstacles in the path of spiritual progress viz. (a)
kÈmacchanda
, all forms of craving and desire;
(b)
vyapÈda
, ill-will (c)
thina-midda
, sloth and torpor; (d)
uddhacca-kukkucca
, distraction and
worry, and (e)
vicikiccha
, doubt or wavering of mind.